“…. For the truth of the conclusions of physical science, observation is the supreme Court of Appeal….” (Sir Arthur Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science.) In this paper we shall review the theoretical and experimental results obtained on simple magnetic model systems. We shall consider the Heisenberg, XY and Ising type of interaction (ferro and antiferromagnetic), on magnetic lattices of dimensionality 1, 2 and 3. Particular attention will be paid to the approximation of these model systems in real crystals, viz. how they can be realized or be expected to exist in nature. A large number of magnetic compounds which, according to the available experimental information, meet the requirements set by one or the other of the various models are considered and their properties discussed. Many examples will be given that demonstrate to what extent experiments on simple magnetic systems support theoretical descriptions of magnetic ordering phenomena and contribute to their understanding. It will a...

Experiments on simple magnetic model systems

Pathogen genome sequencing has become a routine part of our response to active outbreaks of infectious disease and should be an important part of our preparations for future epidemics. In this Essay, we discuss the innovations that have enabled routine pathogen genome sequencing, as well as how genome sequences can be used to understand and control the spread of infectious disease. We also explore the impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on the field of pathogen genomics and outline the challenges we must address to further improve the utility of pathogen genome sequencing in the future. 

Towards a post-pandemic future for global pathogen genome sequencing

The magnetic diagram of state of cobalt chloride hexahydrate

Phase transitions in an antiferromagnet with a hidden canting

The fully mapped T - H (temperature-magnetic field) phase diagram of a quasi-two-dimensional (2d) antiferromagnet Mn(HCOO) 2 ·2H 2 O ( T N =3.69 K) has been determined by the measurements of magnetic heat capacity and susceptibility. The critical field has been estimated to be 105±5 kOe at T =0 K, which gives the intra-layer exchange constant | J |/ k B =0.35±0.02 K. By applying external field, an anomalous increase of the Neel temperature T N ( H ) has been found ( T N ( H )≈1.10 T N (0) at H =35 kOe) for the first time in this 2d compound as in the case of quasi-1d compounds.

Magnitic Phase Boundary for a Quasi-Two-Dimensional Isotropic Antiferromagnet Mn(HCOO)2·2H2O

The magnetic diagram of state of manganese formate dihydrate

/pdf/publisher-correction-characterising-within-hospital-sars-cov-jitakppf.pdf

Publisher Correction: Characterising within-hospital SARS-CoV-2 transmission events using epidemiological and viral genomic data across two pandemic waves

A 100 kOe superconducting coil magnet

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The magnetic diagram of state of manganese formate dihydrate

Publisher Correction: Characterising within-hospital SARS-CoV-2 transmission events using epidemiological and viral genomic data across two pandemic waves

A 100 kOe superconducting coil magnet