Phosphorus (P) is a finite and dwindling resource. Debate focuses on current production and use of phosphate rock rather than on the amounts of P required in the future to feed the world. We applied a two-pool soil P model to reproduce historical continental crop P uptake as a function of P inputs from fertilizer and manure and to estimate P requirements for crop production in 2050. The key feature is the consideration of the role of residual soil P in crop production. Model simulations closely fit historical P uptake for all continents. Cumulative inputs of P fertilizer and manure for the period 1965–2007 in Europe (1,115 kg·ha−1 of cropland) grossly exceeded the cumulative P uptake by crops (360 kg·ha−1). Since the 1980s in much of Europe, P application rates have been reduced, and uptake continues to increase due to the supply of plant-available P from residual soil P pool. We estimate that between 2008 and 2050 a global cumulative P application of 700–790 kg·ha−1 of cropland (in total 1,070–1,200 teragrams P) is required to achieve crop production according to the various Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios [Alcamo J, Van Vuuren D, Cramer W (2006) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios, Vol 2, pp 279–354]. We estimate that average global P fertilizer use must change from the current 17.8 to 16.8–20.8 teragrams per year in 2050, which is up to 50% less than other estimates in the literature that ignore the role of residual soil P.

/pdf/residual-soil-phosphorus-as-the-missing-piece-in-the-global-gvu4rpy5kp.pdf

Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle

The phosphorus (P) cycle is an important Earth system process. While natural P mobilization is slow, humans have been altering P cycle by intensifying P releases from lithosphere to ecosystems. Here, we examined magnitudes of which humans have altered the P cycles by integrating the estimates from recent literatures, and furthermore illustrated the consequences. Based on our synthesis, human alterations have tripled the global P mobilization in land-water continuum and increased P accumulation in soil with 6.9 ± 3.3 Tg-P yr–1. Around 30% of atmospheric P transfer is caused by human activities, which plays a significant role than previously thought. Pathways involving with human alterations include phosphate extraction, fertilizers application, wastes generation, and P losses from cropland. This study highlights the importance of sustainable P supply as a control on future food security because of regional P scarcity, food demand increase and continuously P intensive food production. Besides, accelerated P...

Human Perturbation of the Global Phosphorus Cycle: Changes and Consequences.

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/186235/1/2019_Hristov_JDS_OA.pdf

Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques.

Evaluating farm performance using agri-environmental indicators: Recent experiences for nitrogen management in The Netherlands

/pdf/effect-of-organic-and-mineral-fertilizers-on-soil-p-and-c-2mubo5ebk2.pdf

Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil P and C levels, crop yield and P leaching in a long term trial on a silt loam soil

Dairy farming is one of the main contributors to nitrate leaching to groundwater, particularly on soils that are susceptible to leaching, such as light well-drained sandy soils In the Netherlands, as in many other European countries, these soils are predominantly used for dairy farming A prototype dairy farming system that has been implemented in practice in 1989 has continuously been adapted since then to meet environmental standards (ie the EU-standard of 50 mg NO3− l−1) without reducing milk production intensity (11900 kg ha−1) After an initial decline in nitrate concentration from 193 mg l−1 to 63 upon implementation, it subsequently ‘stabilized’ at a level higher than the environmental standard: 55 mg l−1 The goal of this paper is to examine causes of excessive nitrate leaching This was done by relating measured nitrate concentrations with management characteristics such as N balances, cropping patterns and grazing intensities Special attention was paid to aspects that were supposed to be conducive for leaching: crop rotation of grass and maize and grazing No evidence was found for enhanced nitrate leaching due to the rotation of grass with maize compared to permanent cultivation This could be ascribed to the reduction in fertilization levels in first and second year maize with 90 and 45 kg N ha−1, respectively to account for the expected N release from the ploughed-in grass sod Triticale was found to lead to higher leaching than grass or maize which is attributed to its poor growth in the period that it should function as catch crop in maize Grazing contributed to a nitrate increase of about 30 mg NO3− l−1 on grassland As grazing management and intensity is already strictly optimized in order to restrict nitrate leaching, this result underpins the need to develop sustainable grazing methods on soil that is susceptible to nitrate leaching

Reducing Nitrate Leaching to Groundwater in an Intensive Dairy Farming System

In the coming decade, European dairy farms are obliged to realize a balance between phosphor (P) inputs to their farmland (in inorganic fertilizers and manure) and outputs (in crop products), the so-called P-equilibrium fertilization. The objective of the present study is to analyze the long-term effects of P-equilibrium fertilization on soil-P status (total soil-P and available soil-P), crop yield and P leaching on dry sandy soil, using data from experimental dairy farm 'De Marke', where P-equilibrium fertilization has been applied since 1989. For grassland, P availability is expressed in P-Al and for arable land in Pw. Total and available P status were monitored in the upper topsoil (layer 0-0.2 m). Total soil-P was also monitored in the lower topsoil (layer 0.2-0.4 m) and in the subsoil (0.4-0.6 m). From 1989 to 2006, Pw and P-Al (means of all farmland) decreased by 26 and 25%, respec- tively. In the same period, mean total-P content of the farmland decreased by 16%. There was a large variation in initial P status (1989) of the various plots. The rate of decline in all soil-P indicators was positively correlated to their initial values. In plots with the lowest initial values, P status did not change, while in plots with high initial values it tended to stabilize at lower levels. At equilibrium-P fertilization, Pw is estimated to stabilize at 20. This is lower than the recommended P status of Dutch soils used for maize cropping. P-Al is estimated to stabilize at 30-40, which corresponds to the current recommendations for grassland. The data show that at P-equilibrium fertil- ization, soil available-P status is higher in a maize-ley rotation than in permanent grassland. The decline in total P and available P did not affect crop yield, nor did it affect the P concentration in groundwater, but at 'De Marke', P emission to groundwater is generally low. The results obtained suggest that P-equilibrium fertilization can be compatible with efficient crop production.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10705-010-9344-x.pdf

P-equilibrium fertilization in an intensive dairy farming system: effects on soil-P status, crop yield and P leaching

This paper describes the dynamics of soil N mineralization in the experimental intensive dairy farming system ‘De Marke’ on a dry sandy soil in the Netherlands. We hypothesized that knowledge of the effects of crop rotation on soil N mineralization and of the spatial and temporal variability of soil N mineralization in a farming system can be used to better synchronize N application with crop N requirements, and hence to increase the recovery of applied N and to reduce N losses. Soil N mineralization was recorded continuously in the soil layer 0–0.30 m, from 1992 to 2005, using a sequential in situ coring technique on six observation plots, of which two were located in permanent grassland and four in crop rotations with a 3 year grassland phase and an arable phase of 3 or 5 years, dominated by maize. Average annual soil N mineralization was highest under permanent grassland: 381 kg ha−1 and lowest under ≥3rd years arable crops: 184 kg ha−1. In temporary grassland, soil N mineralization increased in the order: 1st year, 2nd year, 3rd year grassland and in arable crops after grassland mineralization decreased in the order: 1st year, 2nd year, ≥3rd years. Total mineral N input, i.e. the sum of N mineralization and mineral N supply to soil, exceeded crop N requirements in 1st year maize and was lower than the requirements in 1st year temporary grassland. N mineralization in winter, outside the growing season, was 77 kg ha−1 in maize and 60 kg ha−1 in grassland. This points at the importance of a suitable catch crop to reduce the susceptibility to N leaching. Temporal and spatial variability of soil N mineralization was high and could not be related to known field conditions. This limits the extent to which N fertilization can be adjusted to soil N mineralization. Variability increased with the magnitude of soil N mineralization. Hence, situations with high soil N mineralization may be associated with high risks for N losses and to reduce these risks a strong build-up of soil organic N should be avoided. This might be achieved, for instance, by fermenting slurry before application on farmland to enhance the fraction mineral N in slurry at the expense of organic N.

Soil N mineralization in a dairy production system with grass and forage crops

/pdf/toetsing-van-de-kringloopwijzer-gemeten-en-voorspelde-imejza3w5r.pdf

Toetsing van de KringloopWijzer : Gemeten en voorspelde stikstof- en fosfaatproducties van mest en gewas

The dairy sector within the EU is currently confronted with many challenges as a consequence of political, economic and societal demands. These include price fluctuations, increasing competition in terms of farm inputs and products in the EU and on world markets, and increasing public demands for food product quality and safety, optimal animal welfare and biodiversity. The end of the milk quota system in 2015 represents an additional major change for the European dairy sector. Many countries are already responding to this change by exploring the possibilities and constraints of scaling up and intensification. The 18th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation therefore focuses on grassland and forages in high output dairy farming systems. The issue of food security is asking for high output from agricultural systems. A major question is the extent to which societal demands, such as animal welfare and grazing, can be met in intensified production systems. Will further optimization of grassland management enhance profitability and reduce the environmental pressure of farming systems? The symposium focuses on high output at farm level (milk production per ha). Keynote speakers from a number of different regions have been invited to address their regional high output dairy farming systems in their specific context, the problems encountered within those farming systems and, if possible, the solutions found. Secondly, optimal use of grassland and fodder crops in high output systems is discussed. Finally, sustainable intensification in profitable animal production systems is examined focusing on high output and high (eco)efficiency at the farm level.

Grassland and forages in high output dairy farming systems

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