Statistical physics of vaccination

Background: Studies of condom use to reduce risk of most sexually transmitted infection provide inconsistent results. This inconsistency is often attributed to methodologic limitations yet has not been assessed systematically. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to review studies of condom use and risk of gonorrhea and chlamydia, and to evaluate the importance of 4 key design and measurement factors on condom effectiveness estimates. Design: We reviewed studies published 1966 –2004 to assess risk reduction for gonorrhea and/or chlamydia associated with male condom use. Results: Of 45 studies identified, most found reduced risk of infection associated with condom use. All studies reviewed had methodologic limitations: only 28 (62%) distinguished consistent from inconsistent use; 2 (4%) reported on correct use or use problems; 13 (29%) distinguished incident from prevalent infection; and one (2%) included a population with documented exposure to infection. Eight of 10 studies with 2 or more of these attributes reported statistically significant protective effects for condom use versus 15 of 35 studies with zero or one attribute (80% vs. 43%, P 0.04). Conclusions: Condom use was associated with reduced risk of gonorrhea and chlamydia in men and women in most studies, despite methodologic limitations that likely underestimate condom effectiveness. Epidemiologic studies that better address these factors are needed to provide more accurate assessment of condom effectiveness. APPROXIMATELY 19 MILLION CASES of sexually transmitted infection (STI) occur in the United States each year. 1 For sexually active persons, male latex condoms are the most commonly used contraceptive method to prevent STIs. 2 When properly

Condom use and risk of gonorrhea and Chlamydia: a systematic review of design and measurement factors assessed in epidemiologic studies.

Domestic animal husbandry, a common practice globally, can lead to zoonotic transmission of enteric pathogens. However, this risk has received little attention to date. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for an association between domestic exposure to food-producing animals and cases of human diarrhea and specific enteric infections. We performed a systematic review of available literature to examine domestic livestock and poultry as risk factors for diarrhea and applied pre-determined quality criteria. Where possible, we carried out meta-analysis of specific animal‐pathogen pairs. We found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to domestic food-producing animals and diarrheal illness across a range of animal exposures and enteric pathogens. Out of 29 studies included in the review, 20 (69.0%) reported a positive association between domestic animal exposure and diarrhea. Domestic exposure to poultry revealed a substantial association with human campylobacteriosis (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.90‐3.93). Our results suggest that domestic poultry and livestock exposures are associated with diarrheal illness in humans. Failure to ascertain the microbial cause of disease may mask this effect. Exposure to domestic animals should be considered a risk factor for human diarrheal illness and additional studies may identify potential mitigation strategies to address this risk.

Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Rationale: Human rhinovirus infections cause colds and trigger exacerbations of lower airway diseases. Objectives: To define changes in gene expression profiles during in vivo rhinovirus infections. Methods: Nasal epithelial scrapings were obtained before and during experimental rhinovirus infection, and gene expression was evaluated by microarray. Naturally acquired rhinovirus infections, cultured human epithelial cells, and short interfering RNA knockdown were used to further evaluate the role of viperin in rhinovirus infections. Measurements and Main Results: Symptom scores and viral titers were measured in subjects inoculated with rhinovirus or sham control, and changes in gene expression were assessed 8 and 48 hours after inoculation. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for viperin and rhinoviruses was used in naturally acquired infections, and viperin mRNA levels and viral titers were measured in cultured cells. Rhinovirus-induced changes in gene expression were not observed 8 hours after viral infection, but 11,887 gene transcripts were significantly altered in scrapings obtained 2 days postinoculation. Major groups of up-regulated genes included chemokines, signaling molecules, interferon-responsive genes, and antivirals. Viperin expression was further examined and also was increased in naturally acquired rhinovirus infections, as well as in cultured human epithelial cells infected with intact, but not replication-deficient, rhinovirus. Knockdown of viperin with short interfering RNA increased rhinovirus replication in infected epithelial cells. Conclusions: Rhinovirus infection significantly alters the expression of many genes associated with the immune response, including chemokines and antivirals. The data obtained provide insights into the host response to rhinovirus infection and identify potential novel targets for further evaluation.

/pdf/gene-expression-profiles-during-in-vivo-human-rhinovirus-iutgashggy.pdf

Gene expression profiles during in vivo human rhinovirus infection: insights into the host response.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40413-016-0120-5.pdf

International Consensus (ICON): allergic reactions to vaccines

Epidemiologic methods for the study of infectious diseases.

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias adictivas en los adolescentes de Barcelona. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas no institucionalizadas es elevada entre los escolares de este grupo de edad. En comparacion con estudios previos realizados en la misma poblacion se aprecia una tendencia a la disminucion de dicho consumo. Palabras clave: Adolescentes, prevalencia, consumo, tabaco, alcohol, drogas no institucionalizadas.

https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/anales/45-5-6.pdf

Consumo y actitudes de los adolescentes frente a sustancias adictivas: Encuesta de prevalencia

Introduccion En este estudio se revisan las evidencias cientificas disponibles sobre la seguridad de la vacuna triple virica convencional (cultivada en fibroblastos de embriones de pollo) en ninos con alergia al huevo, y se evalua la reactogenicidad vacunal en una serie amplia de ninos con este tipo de alergia inmunizados con triple virica en una unidad de vacunacion hospitalaria. Material y metodos Estudio observacional prospectivo, realizado en la Unidad de Vacunacion Internacional del Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiologia del Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, entre marzo de 2004 y diciembre de 2005. Se analizan variables demograficas, las relativas a los antecedentes de alergia y la reactogenicidad apreciada tras la observacion directa del nino durante los 30 min posteriores a la vacunacion. Resultados Se han incluido en el estudio 140 pacientes (106 en primera dosis de vacuna triple virica y 34 en segunda). El 75,7 % habia presentado manifestaciones clinicas tras la ingesta de huevo o de alimentos que lo contenian (solo siete ninos habian presentado manifestaciones graves, en forma de dificultad respiratoria en 6 casos y de anafilaxia en uno). Se administro la vacuna convencional a 121 ninos, y no se observo ninguna reaccion adversa importante (el 17,8 % de ellos presento reaccion local leve en el punto de inyeccion). Conclusiones Las evidencias cientificas actuales, asi como los datos del presente estudio, sustentan la seguridad de la vacuna triple virica en personas con hipersensibilidad al huevo.

Vacuna triple vírica y alergia al huevo. Experiencia en una unidad de vacunación hospitalaria

Inmunidad colectiva o de grupo

INTRODUCCIÓN La epidemia de SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) constituyó un proceso emergente relevante por sus singulares características clínicas y epidemiológicas, espectacular eclosión y gradual atenuación. Esta infección mostró una elevada capacidad patogénica y letalidad pues desde noviembre de 2002 hasta finales de junio de 2003 produjo 8.422 casos y 916 defunciones, en 29 países de los cinco continentes, y por ello fue denominada la primera pandemia del siglo XXI1,2. Se originó en la región de Guangdong, al sur de la China, y su diseminación epidémica que fue especialmente dramática en algunas zonas ocasionó gran preocupación y alarma mundial. A mediados de la primavera de 2003 la epidemia comenzó a declinar debido al conjunto de medidas de control aplicadas, aunque no puede descartarse la implicación del cambio estacional3. El 5 de julio de 2003 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) anunció que se hallaba bajo control en todo el mundo. La experiencia adquirida y las evidencias científicas disponibles han mostrado que la transmisión del virus se puede bloquear mediante la aplicación de las clásicas medidas de control de las infecciones4-7. En esta epidemia tuvieron lugar diversos hechos singulares: a) la rápida diseminación internacional de la infección, pues se extendió a cinco países en 24 h; b) la impresionante investigación científica desarrollada en paralelo a la diseminación que condujo a la rápida identificación del agente etiológico, y permitió a la población comprobar la importancia y la directa aplicabilidad de los avances científicos; c) su extraordinario eco mediático, y d) la amplia difusión de información profesional y técnica sobre el proceso que se estableció a través de internet; en este ámbito cabe citar el destacado papel de las webs de la OMS y de los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) que facilitaron información muy útil a médicos, sanitarios y agencias de salud de todo el mundo, y en las que se pudo obtener protocolos y recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, asistencia médica, aislamiento de los casos, cuarentena de los expuestos, protección individual de los sanitarios, medidas de bioseguridad en los laboratorios, precauciones para viajeros y muchas otras, además de informar puntualmente sobre la evolución de la epidemia. Finalizada la epidemia, en septiembre de 2003 se notificó un caso aislado de SARS en Singapur debido a una transmisión accidental al manipular muestras que contenían el virus en un laboratorio de investigación, y en diciembre del mismo año otro caso accidental en un laboratorio de Taiwán. Posteriormente, a finales de diciembre y en enero de 2004 se notificaron 4 casos en Guangdong, no asociados a laboratorios y no reconocidos como un brote por la OMS, que en principio son atribuibles a contactos individuales con animales infectados. Más adelante, del 23 al 30 de abril de 2004 se produjeron 2 casos accidentales de laboratorio en Pequín que comportaron 7 casos secundarios (en 2 generaciones); la investigación posterior determinó que hubo 2 casos accidentales previos en febrero8. Por lo tanto, desde la finalización de la gran epidemia de 2002-2003, se han notificado 17 casos.

Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS)

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