Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages.

It is likely to provide plants with their necessary nutrients using chemical and biological fertilization. Although chemical fertilization is a quick method, it is not recommendable economically and environmentally, especially if overused. Biological fertilization is the use of soil microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to inoculate plants. It has been proved that biological fertilization is an efficient method to supply plants with their necessary nutrients. It is economically and environmentally recommendable, because it results in sustainability. In this article, some of the most important details including the mechanisms and processes regarding the effects of soil microbes on the availability and hence uptake of nutrients by plant are reviewed. Such details can be important for the selection and hence production of microbial inoculums, which are appropriate for biological fertilization.

Soil microbes and the availability of soil nutrients

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

Plants obtain nutrients from two natural sources: organic matter and minerals. Organic matter includes any plant or animal material that returns to the soil and goes through the decomposition process. Different soil organisms feed on different organic substrates. Their biological activity depends on the organic matter supply. In addition to providing nutrients and habitat to organisms living in the soil, organic matter also binds soil particles into aggregates and improves the water holding capacity of soil. Most soils contain 2 to 10% organic matter. However, even in small amounts, organic matter is very important. Tillage is one of the major practices that reduce the organic matter level in the soil. Each time the soil is tilled, it is aerated. Soil enzymes act as biological catalysts of specific reactions that depend on a variety of factors, such as the presence or absence of inhibitors, tillage and fertilization, and can be considered as early indicators of biological changes. The incorporation of organic amendments to soil influences soil enzymatic activities because the added material may contain intra- and extracellular enzymes and may also stimulate microbial activity in the soil. Integrated animal and crop production enterprises that use manure as the primary nutrient source for crop production are not without problems. Nutrient loading on a farm with an animal enterprise may exceed crop nutrient needs.

	 

	Key words: Fertilization, microbial activity, soil management, sustainable agriculture, tillage

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380893821_Mohammadi et al.pdf

Soil management, microorganisms and organic matter interactions: A review

Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, which is sensitive to N fertilization rate, is one of the indicators of soil nitrogen supplying capacity. Two field experiments were conducted in Dongtai (120°19″ E, 32°52″ N), Jiangsu, China in 2009 and Dafeng (120°28″ E, 33°12″ N), Jiangsu province, China in 2010. Six nitrogen rates (0, 150, 300, 375, 450, and 600 kg ha− 1) were used to study the effect of N fertilization rate on soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (SAHNC), subtending leaf nitrogen concentration (SLNC), yield, and fiber quality. In both Dongtai and Dafeng experiment station, the highest yield (1709 kg ha− 1), best quality (fiber length 30.6 mm, fiber strength 31.6 cN tex− 1, micronaire 4.82), and highest N agronomic efficiency (2.03 kg kg− 1) were achieved at the nitrogen fertilization rate of 375 kg ha− 1. The dynamics of SAHNC and SLNC could be simulated with a cubic and an exponential function, respectively. The changes in SAHNC were consistent with the changes in SLNC. Optimal average rate (0.276 mg day− 1) and duration (51.8 days) of SAHNC rapid decline were similar to the values obtained at the nitrogen rate of 375 kg ha− 1 at which cotton showed highest fiber yield, quality, and N agronomic efficiency. Thus, the levels and strategies of nitrogen fertilization can affect SAHNC dynamics. The N fertilization rate that optimizes soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content would optimize the subtending leaf nitrogen concentration and thereby increase the yield and quality of the cotton fiber.

Effect of N fertilization rate on soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, subtending leaf N concentration, fiber yield, and quality of cotton

Field studies were conducted (2002–03 to 2004–05) in Nagpur, Maharashtra under rainfed conditions to evaluate the response of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to foliar application of potassium (K). Treatments included a control (without K), soil application, soil application along with one foliar spray of K at either early boll or peak boll and two sprays at early and peak boll stages. Averaged across years, yield of the K applied plots were similar (0.97 to 1.07 tonne/ha) and were significantly greater than the control (0.81 tonne/ha). Yield differences were owing to more bolls in the K applied (40.8 to 53.3/m2) than control plots (33.6/m2). Year x treatment interaction was highly significant. In 2002–03 and 2004–05, rainfall was lesser than average and the K applied plots had significantly greater seed cotton yield (0.84 to 1.30 tonne/ha) than the control (0.71 to 0.75 tonne/ha). In 2004–05, treatment with 2 foliar sprays produced 392 kg/ha more seed cotton than soil application and was significantly superior to 1 spray. Total K uptake was greater in the K applied plots (61.3 to 68.8 kg/ha) than the control (39.1 kg/ha). Regardless of treatments, K balance (input - uptake) was negative (−37.1 to -43.8 kg/ha). In general, K application did not impact fibre quality. It was found that K application may be advantageous in years with low rainfall.

Response of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to foliar application of potassium

Effects of farmyard manure and fertilizers on yield, fibre quality and nutrient balance of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

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Response of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to foliar application of potassium

Effects of farmyard manure and fertilizers on yield, fibre quality and nutrient balance of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)