Approximately 30 years have elapsed since Dr. Fujino's original discovery that Vibrio parahaemolyticus (then termed Pasteurella parahemolytica) was the cause of "summer diarrhea" in Japan. Since that finding, V. parahaemolyticus has been established as a cause of gastroenteritis in numbers and places approaching global proportions. It has been isolated in marine and estuarine areas almost worldwide and despite its halophilic nature, V. parahaemolyticus has been isolated from saline-free waters. The relationship of this organism to the environment reveals a close association with other marine organisms especially copepods on which the Vibrios depend for survival in winter months and growth in summer months. There is a uniquely provocative disparity between human strains of V. parahaemolyticus which are Kanagawa phenomenon (KP) positive and the environmental strains which to a large extent are KP negative, the significance being that pathogenicity is measured according to the Kanagawa phenomenon (hemolytic activity) reaction. The hemolysin of the pathogenic strains is a thermostable, cardiotoxic protein, which thus far has not been implicated in the mechanism(s) which causes human gastroenteritis. The interest in this organism has been widened in recent years by the finding that similar organisms, V. alginolyticus, lactose positive vibrios and group F vibrios also cause serious disease in humans.

pdf/vibrio-parahaemolyticus-and-related-halophilic-vibrios-un0mb25w0h.pdf

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Related Halophilic Vibrios

Recent taxonomic advances have now implicated several different Vibrio species as human pathogens. While the most common clinical presentation of Vibrio infection continues to be gastroenteritis, an increasing number of extraintestinal infections are being reported, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Detection of Vibrio infections requires a good clinical history and the use of appropriate isolation and identification procedures by the laboratory to confirm illnesses attributed to Vibrio species. Except for Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, there is little direct evidence linking the production of a myriad of cell-associated or extracellular factors produced by each species with human disease and pathogenesis. Many questions regarding pathogenic Vibrio species remain unanswered, including their frequency and distribution in environmental specimens (water, shellfish), infective doses, virulence potential of individual isolates, and markers associated with such strains.

Current perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of clinically significant Vibrio spp.

Aquatic animal species and organism relationship bacteriological culture techniques interpretation of biochemical identification tests and sets biochemical identification tables technical methods techniques for molecular identification of bacteria preparation of media for culture and identification. (Part contents.)

Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals : a practical identification manual

Until the late 1970s and early 1980s, Vibrio cholerae was believed to be highly host-adapted and incapable of surviving longer than a few hours or days outside the human intestine. This view, enunciated by Felsenfeld,1 was that “some authors claimed that cholera vibrios may survive in water, particularly seawater, for as long as 2 months. This is, however, scarcely possible under natural conditions if reinfection of the water does not take place.” This perspective of cholera ecology had dominated the literature since the organism was first identified by Robert Koch. Interestingly, Koch himself held a rather less stringent opinion: 
There remains still the important question to be answered, whether the infectious material can reproduce or multiply itself outside the human body. I believe it can.... I would not certainly assume that multiplication... takes place in... river water without any assistance, for these fluids do not possess the concentration of nutritious substances which is necessary for the growth of the bacilli. But I can easily imagine that... some spots may contain sufficient concentrations of nutritive substances [for bacilli to flourish].2

The Ecology of Vibrio cholerae

Interaction of dietary Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on the growth performance, non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus

The recovery of vibrios, in particular Vibrio cholerae, non-cholera vibrios and V. parahaemolyticus, on four brands of TCBS has been compared. The selectivity of the media was also compared. Eiken TCBS performed best in our tests but was closely followed by Oxoid TCBS.

An Evaluation of Commercial Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar (TCBS)

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An Evaluation of Commercial Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar (TCBS)