Most pathogens access the body through the mucosal membranes. Therefore, effective vaccines that protect at these sites are much needed. However, despite early success with the live attenuated oral polio vaccine over 50 years ago, only a few new mucosal vaccines have been subsequently launched. This is partly due to problems with developing safe and effective mucosal adjuvants. In the past decade, however, the successful development of live attenuated mucosal vaccines against influenza virus and rotavirus infections has boosted interest in this field, and great expectations for new mucosal vaccines lie ahead. Here, I discuss the expanding knowledge and strategies used in the development of mucosal vaccines.

/pdf/recent-progress-in-mucosal-vaccine-development-potential-and-il9x8me7eg.pdf

Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: potential and limitations

Intranasal delivery of systemic-acting drugs: Small-molecules and biomacromolecules

Adjuvants and delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles for mucosal vaccines.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=usuhs

Safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal Shigella flexneri 2a Invaplex 50 vaccine.

Shigella is the leading cause of global diarrheal deaths that currently lacks a licensed vaccine. Shigellosis drives antimicrobial resistance and leads to economic impact through linear growth faltering. Today, there is a robust pipeline of vaccines in clinical development which are broadly divided into parenteral glycoconjugate vaccines, consisting of O-antigen conjugated to carrier proteins, and oral live attenuated vaccines, which incorporate targeted genetic mutations seeking to optimize the balance between reactogenicity, immunogenicity and ultimately protection. Proof of efficacy has previously been shown with both approaches but for various reasons no vaccine has been licensed to date. In this report, we outline the requirements for a Shigella vaccine and describe the current pipeline in the context of the many candidates that have previously failed or been abandoned. The report refers to papers from individual vaccine developers in this special supplement of Vaccines which is focused on Shigella vaccines. Once readouts of safety and immunogenicity from current trials of lead candidate vaccines among the target population of young children in low- and middle-income countries are available, the likely time to licensure of a first Shigella vaccine will become clearer.

/pdf/the-shigella-vaccines-pipeline-1zfpytgr.pdf

The Shigella Vaccines Pipeline

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552928.pdf

Safety and immunogenicity of a Shigella flexneri 2a Invaplex 50 intranasal vaccine in adult volunteers.

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Safety and immunogenicity of a Shigella flexneri 2a Invaplex 50 intranasal vaccine in adult volunteers.