Publisher Summary This chapter presents the overall biochemical and physiological picture of the apple and pear as it is today to serve as a “clearing of the ground” for the work that lies ahead. As with other fields of biochemistry, perhaps the greatest hope for rapid progress in the future lies in the use of isotopic tracer techniques—techniques that are only just beginning to be explored in the field of apples and pears. Some reference to auxin production has been considered. Some analytical results obtained for fruit juices have been included. In general, the compounds present in these unfermented juices are representative of the soluble constituents of the whole fruit. The chapter tabulates, in broad general terms, a picture of the biochemical pattern of the mature fruit. The most remarkable fact is the relatively small variation in the nitrogen, acid, sugar, and pectin content of the mature fruit. In this overall picture, the most noticeable varietal difference is in the “tannin” fraction where cider and perry fruits exhibit a high relative content. The chapter deals with each main group of constituents during development of the fruit on the tree and during its senescence after harvesting.

Some Aspects of the Biochemistry of Apple and Pear Fruits

Potassium Nutrition of Deciduous and Small Fruits

Neilsen, G. H. and Neilsen, D. 2011. Consequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchardsConsequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchards. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 1013–1027. Three annual broadcast fertilizer treatments of 0, 100 or 200 kg K ha–1 as K, Mg sulphate (KMag) were applied in a randomized complete block design with six replicate multi-tree plots. The study was undertaken for three successive growing seasons in eight commercial apple orchards of fruiting ‘Fuji’/M.9 (Malus × domestica Borkh.) located on coarse-textured soils typical of the Okanagan valley fruit production region of southern British Columbia. After 3 yr, KMag fertilization increased the amount and proportion of exchangeable K and Mg at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depth. Soil exchangeable Ca was generally decreased in the surface 0–10 cm layer although the Ca/Σ[Ca + Mg + K] ratio decreased over the surface 20 cm. During the study, application of KMag f...

Consequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchards

Effect of Potassium on Quality Factors—Fruits and Vegetables

McIntosh apples from trees having a high and low content of N as determined by leaf analysis were stored in modified atmospheres of zero, 5, or 7% CO2 in a range of O2 levels from 2.5 to 20%. Fruit from the low N trees was highly susceptible to core-browning in the presence of CO2 at all O2 concentrations above 2.5%, and in contrast the disorder appeared to be reduced by CO2 in the high N fruit. Firmness, soluble solids, and acids were higher with CO2 than without CO2. Low N apples softened significantly faster than high N fruit at all O2 concentrations. The presence of 5%, CO2 reduced the number of fungal rots. The reduction in O2 levels without CO2 had a marked beneficial effect in the control of fungal rotting.

EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 ON SENESCENT CHANGES IN STORED McINTOSH APPLES GROWN UNDER TWO LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

Many different approaches to the study of storage quality of apples have been made with the emphasis largely placed on post-harvest physiology. This has been due to the great variability encountered in individual tree performance (Hoblyn, 9) which, in turn, may be due to inherent differences in rootstock and scion or be a result of climate, soil, disease or insect pests. This variability is shown even between different parts of the tree where, as Martin (12) has noted, each branch may behave as an organic unit.

The Influence of Orchard Nutrition upon the Acidity Relationships in Cortland Apples

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The Influence of Orchard Nutrition upon the Acidity Relationships in Cortland Apples