Introduction: the sociopolitical background \"burgfrieden\" and law of siege. Part 1 The old regime and the dilemmas of total war: the production, manpower, and social policies of the Prussian War Ministry, 1914-1916 - the War Ministry and its leaders, the KRA, production policy and procurement, the battle for manpower, the conflict over social policy the army and the internal crisis, 1914-1916 - image and reality - the food problem, bureaucracy, army and the social consequences of the war, the new supreme command. Part 2 Total mobilization and interest-group politics: Hindenburg program and war office - the triumph of heavy industry - the Hindenburg program, military reorganization and civilian mobilization, the war office the auxilliary service bill and the triumph of labour - the struggle with the bureaucracy, the demands of the interest groups, the budget committee transforms the bill, the Reichstag debate. Part 3 The war office under the leadership of General Groener: the war office and the problems of production and organization, December 1916-August 1917 - the transportation and coal crises, the failure of the Hindenburg program, the shutting down and consolidation of industries, the war office and the food problem, organizational problems and competing bureaucracies the war office and the social problem 1 - the failure of the auxilliary service law and the first major strikes - the labour problem, the dilemmas of paragraph 9, the war office and the unions, war office conflicts with industry and the OHL, the April strikes the war office and the social problem 2 - the great crisis and the dismissal of Groener, May-August 1917 - the intensification of social conflict, the army and the great crisis, the attack upon Groener, the fall of Groener. Part 4 The failure of the army: the Ludendorff \"dictatorship\", August 1917-February 1918 - attempts to reform the auxilliary service law, Koeth's triumph, the uncertain dictatorship, the OHL and the great strikes Germany in the concluding months of the war - the defeat and the search for a scapegoat - the social consequences of the war, army and society, a final demand for total mobilization, \"stab in the back\" and \"revolution from above\".

Army, Industry, and Labor in Germany, 1914-1918

Introduction From new industry to the new economy Part I. Becoming a Global Corporation - BASF from 1865 to 1900 Wolfgang von Hippel Part II. The Power of Synthesis (1900-25) Jeffrey Allan Johnson Part III. From the IG Farben Fusion to the Establishment of BASF AG (1925-52) Raymond G. Stokes Part IV. BASF since its Refounding in 1952 Werner Abelshauser Appendix Bibliography Indexes.

/pdf/german-industry-and-global-enterprise-basf-the-history-of-a-4nt0rimqb9.pdf

German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company

Throughout the late 1920s, German coal mining saw an exceptional surge in labour productivity, led by the performance of the Ruhr coal mines. It is commonly accepted in the relevant literature that the economy-wide ‘rationalization boom’ explains that pattern. This study tests the related hypothesis that ‘negative rationalization’, in the form of a massive wave of mine closures over the period 1924–9, played a significant role in stimulating aggregate labour productivity in the Ruhr coal district. Using an original dataset for the totality of Ruhr coal mines, the causes of productivity change over the broader period 1913–38 are identified, using the decomposition method of Foster, Haltiwanger, and Krizan. Results suggest that labour productivity was driven largely by improvements at individual mines, attributable to the intensified mechanization of underground operations. In sharp contrast, turnover effects were marginal, overall, compared to the effects stemming from the producer dynamics among surviving mines. Thus, the practical productivity implications of mine closures during the rationalization boom are negligible and overrated in the literature. These findings indicate the necessity of testing the relative importance of ‘negative rationalization’ in the form of plant closures in other branches of the Weimar economy.

/pdf/did-closures-do-any-good-labour-productivity-mine-dynamics-34qgvuzlrw.pdf

Did closures do any good? Labour productivity, mine dynamics, and rationalization in interwar Ruhr coal mining

The Reichskuratorium (RKW) was founded in 1921 by Carl Friedrich von Siemens and his subalternate, Carl Kottgen. The organization strove to implement measures of industrial and organizational efficiency in Germany in the interwar era following the American models of Frederick W. Taylor and Henry Ford. This study uses the organization as a vehicle to evaluate varieties of organized capitalism in German business and industrial history since the late nineteenth century. Most recent research has identified forms of organized capitalism that include significant input from organized labor along with state and industry as the most “modern” forms. While these efforts stagnated and eventually failed in Germany's interwar Weimar Republic, they are still seen as the origin of a characteristic and successful postwar model of organized capitalism. Acknowledging that this view is accurate, this study draws attention to the alternate model of the RKW which strove to implement technical and organizational measures of industrial and economic efficiency using state funding but avoiding significant input from organized labor. This variation of German organized capitalism emerged from the more traditional, self-regulating patterns of the late nineteenth century. It persisted through the Weimar Republic, through World War II, and into the postwar era. Less fruitful for understanding the character of the RKW are models from the 1970s Cold War era which elaborated a strongly symbiotic version of organized capitalism between state and big business, which allegedly subordinated efforts of big business to state interests.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007680500034863

The Reichskuratorium für Wirtschaftlichkeit: Fordism and Organized Capitalism in Germany, 1918–1945

This article considers the model of voluntary, consensus based standardization as developed through the British Standards Institution (BSI) and its contribution to learning and productivity growth. It discusses the significant role played by professional engineers in the model’s introduction, its extension at home, and its imitation overseas. It is argued that by 1931 the BSI catalogue of standards represented a considerable stock of codified knowledge whose growth reflected underlying aggregate technological opportunities, assisting in their transformation into technological advance. To help validate this claim, a measure of the size of the BSI catalogue of standards is incorporated into an econometric model of aggregate productivity growth in Britain. Findings show that the growth of the standards catalogue is associated with a substantial proportion of labour productivity growth over the period 1931–2009. Estimates relating to the short-run dynamics involved are consistent with the idea that there are causal linkages running from standards to growth. When interpreting these findings, it is argued that the overall weight of historical evidence points to standardization—coordinated through the BSI—as providing an important path of learning for the British economy over the period considered.

/pdf/standards-learning-and-growth-in-britain-1901-2009-3wyrq1b6ey.pdf

Standards, learning, and growth in Britain, 1901–2009

At the end of 1918, Harry Graf Kessler, the astute German observer of domestic and international affairs, summarized the essential conflicts that Germany would face in the years following World War I. Considering the demands of the German revolution along with the urgency of economic recovery from the war, Kessler responded to his compatriot, Hermann Graf Keyserling, that “The crucial point is how we are to combine broad social measures without reducing production. If we can solve this problem, we really shall be ahead of the rest of the world. What Kessler perceptively anticipated in the dying days of the last year of the Great War would be Weimar's effort to create a social welfare state predicated on private sector economic recovery and prosperity. Germany after the First World War was the first industrial nation in the twentieth century to broach this agenda, one which would become more familiar and successful following the Second World War.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008938900012280

Talking about Efficiency: Politics and the Industrial Rationalization Movement in the Weimar Republic

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Talking about Efficiency: Politics and the Industrial Rationalization Movement in the Weimar Republic