An estuarine front was studied with a series of field measurements and theoretical analyses. The front is located off Newport News Point in the James River of Virginia, USA. The front develops at the early phase of flood tide, moves upriver at a speed of several meters per minute, then slows down over a region of steep bottom down slope, and eventually dissipates as the flood current wanes. Numerous tracer experiments demonstrate that surface waters are injected through the front to depths of 4 m or more in the vicinity of the depth transition.

Vertical Transport Across an Estuary Front

The seed-oyster area is located in a low-salinity sector of the James River where seasonal riverflows and resulting salinities vary widely. Low spring salinities, usually below 10 °/oo in April or May, eliminate most predators and diseases. Prior to 1960, spatfalls were regular and moderate in intensity each year. High quality seed oysters 2 to 3 inches in size were produced with 1000 to 2000 thick-shelled oysters per bushel for use by private-ground planterH. Following the advent of M. nelsoni (MSX) in Chesapeake Bay in 1959:, setting declined to about one-tenth previous levels and there were spatfall failures in many years. Thick beds of fossil shells provided cultch for setting oysters and little repletion by shell planting was attempted. In the 1950's a gradient of decreasing spatfall with distance from the mouth of the river was observed. Setting was continuous for about 90 days each year with peak spatfalls in late August or early September. After 1960, setting was irregular by years, and sporadic within the seed area, with no patterns. Larvae were scarce and flushing of larvae out of the estuary appeared to require higher brood-oyster populations.

/pdf/the-james-river-public-seed-oyster-area-in-virginia-a-review-o8jofe4rlg.pdf

The James River Public Seed Oyster Area in Virginia (A Review of 22 years of Setting and Population Studies, 1946 to 1967 and Changes Caused by Minchinia nelsoni (MSX) after 1960)

Hydrographic data collection for "Operation James River--1964"

/pdf/distribution-and-structure-of-benthic-communities-in-the-3vk96gi1vg.pdf

Distribution and Structure of Benthic Communities in the Hampton Roads Area, Virginia: A Technical Ecological Report to the Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission

: This report presents results from physical and numerical model tests on the effects of the proposed I-664 James River Bridge-Tunnel complex on (a) sedimentation in the federally maintained channels (Newport News, Norfolk Harbor, and Elizabeth River); (b) general sedimentation in the lower James River; (c) changes in overall flushing characteristics; and (d) changes in current velocities and flushing near the Craney Island disposal site. The navigation channel sedimentation was evaluated using the TABS-2 finite element numerical models RMA-2V for hydrodynamics and STUDH for sedimentation with an existing numerical mesh of the Elizabeth River and lower James River areas. For the general sedimentation investigation, a new numerical mesh was created and the same numerical models, RMA-2V and STUDH, were used. Data for the flushing and currents evaluation were provided by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Results from the physical model tests indicate circulation changes will be localized with minimal effects on the general circulation of the lower James River. Results from the numerical sedimentation modeling indicate that sedimentation will be generally unchanged or reduced except on either side of the north island where increases can be expected. The areas experiencing unchanged or slightly reduced sedimentation rates include the oyster grounds, the Elizabeth River and Norfolk Harbor Channels, and the Newport News Channel.

I-664 Bridge-Tunnel Study, Virginia. Sedimentation and Circulation Investigation

/pdf/new-port-island-an-evaluation-of-potential-impacts-on-marine-3mfd7ofyct.pdf

New Port Island: An Evaluation of Potential Impacts on Marine Resources of the Lower James River and Hampton Roads

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New Port Island: An Evaluation of Potential Impacts on Marine Resources of the Lower James River and Hampton Roads