Response to the amoebocyte-producing organ of sensitized Biomphalaria glabrata after exposure to Echinostoma caproni miracidia

Four types of cells have been characterized among “granulocytes” of Biomphalaria glabrata . They differ in size, morphology, organelle content and surface receptors. They are already recognizable when differentiating in the amoebocyte producing organ.

Fine structural differences in the amoebocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata

Echinostomes have a wide range of both invertebrate and vertebrate second intermediate hosts. The most studied hosts are molluskan, particularly the gastropods and bivalves; next most studied hosts are the amphibians, particularly tadpoles and frogs. The encysted metacercaria or cyst is the dominant stage in the second intermediate host of echinostomes. This cyst is usually formed in or on tissues of the involved invertebrate or vertebrate second intermediate hosts. In gastropods the preferred site for encystment is usually the kidney or pericardium. In anurans the preferred site is often the kidney or the limb buds in echinostome-like forms such as Ribieroia sp. This chapter reviews the biology, development, distinguishing morphological characteristics, site selection, behavioral changes in vertebrate and vertebrate hosts, pathology, and the effects of pesticides, herbicides, and marinades on the metacercariae of the Echinostomatidae.

Echinostomes in the second intermediate host

Biological invasion is a matter of great concern from both public health and biodiversity perspectives. Some invasive snail species may trigger disease emergence by acting as intermediate hosts. The geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni depends on the presence of susceptible species of Biomphalaria freshwater snails that support the parasite’s transformation into infective stages. Biomphalaria spp. have shown strong local and global dispersal capacities that may increase due to the global warming phenomenon and increases in the development of agricultural and water projects. Should intermediate hosts become established in new areas then this will create potential transmission foci. Examples of snail invasions that have had an impact on schistosomiasis transmission include the introduction of Biomphalaria tenagophila to Congo and Biomphalaria glabrata to Egypt. The current spread of Biomphalaria straminea in China is causing concern and needs to be monitored closely. An understanding of the mode of invasion and distribution of these snails as well as their experimental susceptibility to S. mansoni will predict the potential spread of schistosomiasis. Here we review the invasion patterns of Biomphalaria snails and factors that control their distribution and the impact that invasion may have on intestinal schistosomiasis transmission. In addition, we propose some possible surveillance responses for optimum control strategies and interventions. Whenever possible, swift action should be taken to contain any new occurrence of these intermediate snail hosts.

/pdf/invasion-and-dispersal-of-biomphalaria-species-increased-2vkqlopu02.pdf

Invasion and Dispersal of Biomphalaria Species: Increased Vigilance Needed to Prevent the Introduction and Spread of Schistosomiasis.

Echinostomes are closely related to wildlife and occasionally have been found to infect domestic animals. The low specificity of some species results in a large number of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts acting as natural hosts, and a large geographic distribution has been recorded. The zoonotic potential of echinostomes has been related to the ingestion of raw mollusks, fishes, and amphibians which are naturally found parasitized by these parasitic larvae. The identification of new natural hosts and the demonstration of their life cycles under experimental conditions have favored the understanding of biological variables involved in parasite transmission and may be useful predictors of human infection. The impact of echinostome parasitism in wildlife conservation needs more attention, since most of the known natural hosts are wild animals. The introduction or spread of echinostome species in new environments may imply a loss of biodiversity and increase the probability of new cases of zoonoses. Human behavior and the expansion of land use in a global context help to bring about changes in climate and induce new interfaces between humans and wildlife. Trade among nations and the exchange of new ideas and customs increase our concern about the spread and emergence of etiologic agents of animal and human diseases.

Echinostomes in the wild

Le cycle biologique du trematode Echinostomatoidea Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964, se deroule dans les conditions naturelles a Madagascar chez un Oiseau Falco newtoni et chez un Gasteropode Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Des metacercaires ont egalement ete trouvees chez d’autres Mollusques et dans le rein d’un Amphibien Ptychadaena mascareniensis. Ce cycle a pu etre reproduit en France. Les hotes definitifs sont la souris blanche, le rat et le poulet. Biomphalaria glabrata est a la fois premier et second hote intermediaire. Les metacercaires s’enkystent chez divers autres Mollusques et dans le rein des tetards de Rana esculenta. Les stades larvaires sont decrits. Le deroulement du cycle et la morphologie des stades larvaires sont tres proches de ceux d’Echinostoma liei Jeyarasasingam et coll., 1972.

/pdf/life-cycle-of-the-trematode-echinostoma-caproni-richard-1964-1505m8e8h1.pdf

[Life cycle of the trematode Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Echinostomatoidea) (author's transl)].

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[Life cycle of the trematode Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Echinostomatoidea) (author's transl)].