The ability to predict traits from genome-wide sequence information (i.e., genomic prediction) has improved our understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits and transformed breeding practices. Transcriptome data may also be useful for genomic prediction. However, it remains unclear how well transcript levels can predict traits, particularly when traits are scored at different development stages. Using maize (Zea mays) genetic markers and transcript levels from seedlings to predict mature plant traits, we found that transcript and genetic marker models have similar performance. When the transcripts and genetic markers with the greatest weights (i.e., the most important) in those models were used in one joint model, performance increased. Furthermore, genetic markers important for predictions were not close to or identified as regulatory variants for important transcripts. These findings demonstrate that transcript levels are useful for predicting traits and that their predictive power is not simply due to genetic variation in the transcribed genomic regions. Finally, genetic marker models identified only 1 of 14 benchmark flowering-time genes, while transcript models identified 5. These data highlight that, in addition to being useful for genomic prediction, transcriptome data can provide a link between traits and variation that cannot be readily captured at the sequence level.

Transcriptome-Based Prediction of Complex Traits in Maize.

Coreopsis is a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is an ornamental plant native to the Americas, Asia and Oceania and its flower is used as a raw material for tea and food manufacture in China. In this study, new cultivars of C. rosea (“golden ring”) were developed via radiation-induced mutation of the original cultivar, “pumpkin pie”. The chemical composition and antioxidant activities of flowers belonging to three different Coreopsis cultivars were evaluated: “golden ring”, “pumpkin pie” and “snow chrysanthemum” (coreopsis tea; C. tinctoria). The volatile compounds were characterized via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 50–59 oils representing 95.3–96.8% of the total volatile compounds in these flower materials were identified. ”Golden ring” contained a high amount of fatty acids (38.13%), while “pumpkin pie” and “snow chrysanthemum” teas were rich in aliphatic amides (43.01%) and esters (67.22%), respectively. The antioxidant activities of the volatile oils of these cultivars were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The volatile extract of “golden ring” showed higher antioxidant activities compared with the extracts of the other cultivars. Therefore, “golden ring” can be used for further development as a raw material for tea manufacture or as a dietary supplement.

Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Volatile Organic Compounds in Radiation-Bred Coreopsis Cultivars

Economic importance of ornamental plants: Ornamental plants represent a great diversity of beautiful plants, including cut foliage, cut flowers, bedding plants, indoor plants, potted plants, bulbous plants, outdoor plants, which may be annuals, biennials or perennials in their growth habit. Thus ornamentals bring aesthetic feelings to our surroundings (Riaz et al., 2002; Memon et al., 2013) and also economically important in horticultural trade, all over the world. They are also being used by the humans, even in the prehistoric times (Simpson and Ogorzaly, 2001) and the demand of ornamental plants for personal and ceremonial use has been increased. Cut flowers dominate among ornamental plants followed by flowering pot plants, tree and nursery plants, and flower bulbs (Lawson, 1996) but now the trend has been changed. The rapid rise is seen in the production of horticultural crops, including the ornamental plants (Janick, 2007), and covered the 42% of the total cash received from horticulture farms and 6% of all agriculture farms in Canada (AAFC, 2005). The total export of floriculture is increased by 1.9%, while 5.3% increase in case of cut flowers in 2011 (MNS, 2012). The ornamental plants (flowering and potted) having value of 32 billion euro were produced in the world in 2014 and Europe contributed 34.3% followed by China (15.9%) (AIPH, 2015). Area under production of flower and ornamental plants in Europe is 74 thousand hectare and Netherland is leading by sharing 35% of total area in 2013 (EUROSTAT, 2015). What are plant growth regulators: Plant growth regulators (PGRs) consist of organic molecules, produced synthetically and used to alter the growth of plants or plant parts. They have ability to accelerate or retard the plant growth. The hormone which is produced in plants is called as plant hormone and also known as phytohormone. Phytohormone is defined as, an organic substance produced naturally in higher plants, controlling growth or other physiological functions at a site remote from its place of production, and active in minute amounts (Thimann, 1948). PGRs sometimes confused with plant hormones, but there are certain differences among them as the term PGRs is used by agrochemical industry to indicate synthetic plant growth regulators, while plant hormones are a group of naturally occurring, organic substances which influence physiological processes at low concentrations (Davies, 2010). The growth hormone is the phytohormone and is essential to growth of organs as buds, stems, roots, fruits, and so on by cellular enlargement, both in length and in width, while growth regulator referred to organic compounds other than nutrients, small amounts of which are capable of modifying growth (Leopold, 1955). The PGRs can be biostimulant or bioinhibitor and are active even at very low concentrations in plant cells and have ability to alter the growth and development. The plant growth regulators represent various categories as American Society for Horticultural Science Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 54(2), 327-333; 2017 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/17.3659 http://www.pakjas.com.pk

/pdf/application-of-plant-growth-regulators-in-ornamental-plants-2in8m7og28.pdf

Application of plant growth regulators in ornamental plants: a review

The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the response of Little Lime hardy hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata ‘Jane’) across two seasons in response to single foliar applications of three plant growth regulators (PGRs) at two rates: dikegulac sodium at 800 or 1600 ppm, benzyladenine at 300 or 600 ppm, or ethephon at 500 or 1000 ppm. There were two additional treatments: a handpruned control leaving three nodes and an unpruned water control (untreated) applied the same day as the PGR applications. To evaluate PGR efficacy, vegetative growth, floral attributes, branch symmetry, and phytotoxicity were assessed. Dikegulac sodium significantly increased branch number (BN) compared with all other treatments. Branch symmetry was greater in dikegulac sodium (800 or 1600 ppm) and hand-pruned treatments compared with the untreated and other PGR treatments (2011 and 2012). Flower number was greater in all PGR treatments compared with hand-pruned plants (2011 and 2012). The only treatment that promoted more symmetrical branching without reducing flower count was dikegulac sodium (800 or 1600 ppm). Phytotoxicity was observed in both seasons; however, no injury symptoms were evident 16 weeks after treatment (WAT), the termination of the experiment.

/pdf/type-and-rate-of-plant-growth-regulator-influence-vegetative-bdsw28s88v.pdf

Type and Rate of Plant Growth Regulator Influence Vegetative, Floral Growth, and Quality of Little Lime™ Hydrangea

Photoselective greenhouse films offer a non-chemical alternative to regulate plant growth. Plant response to a photoselective plastic film with a red (R) or far-red (FR) absorbing property was tested using the three perennial salvias: Indigo Spires sage (Salvia x ‘Indigo Spires’) (Salvia longispicata Martius Galeotti x Salvia farinacea Benth.), Wine sage (Salvia splendens ‘Van Houttei’ Sell x roenen Schultes), and Mexican sage (Salvia leucantha Cav.). Films were designated A FR (FR light-absorbing film), A R (R light-absorbing film) and control (clear plastic film). Solar light transmitted through the A FR film reduced plant height by 17-36%, depending on the species. This correlated with a reduction in internode length and stem dry weight. Light transmitted through the A R film did not significantly affect plant height, regardless of species. Leaf area was not significantly affected by the A FR or A R film as compared to the control film, regardless of species. Leaf dry weight of plants grown under A FR was reduced for indigo spires sage and Mexican sage but insignificant for wine sage. Flower development (days to flower and flower number) was not significantly affected by the A FR or A R film as compared to the control film, with the exception that flower number of indigo spires sage was reduced when grown under A FR film. These results indicate that compactness of three perennial sages can be achieved by selective reduction of far-red wavelengths from sunlight.

/pdf/use-of-photoselective-plastic-films-to-control-growth-of-3uz702dyhs.pdf

Use of photoselective plastic films to control growth of three perennial salvias

Multiple weekly or biweekly applications of 0, 100, 200 or 300 ppm cyclanilide (CYC), a bioregulator effective in stimulating branching of apple and cherry trees and select woody ornamental shrubs, were applied foliarly to eight species or cultivars of woody landscape shrubs, five of which showed increased branching in response to treatment. Shoot number increases were concentration and species dependent, and compared to untreated controls, branching at 60 days after first treatment (DAFT) with three weekly applications of 100 to 300 ppm CYC in 2005 increased from 1400 to 1900% in ‘Brandy's Temper’ sasanqua camellia, 114 to 175% in ‘Sky Pencil’ holly, 385 to 458% in ‘Foster’ holly, 166 to 335% in Eleanor Taber™ Indian hawthorn, and 1885 to 2230% in ‘Olivia’™ Indian hawthorn. In 2006, branching 60 DAFT with three biweekly applications of 100 to 300 ppm CYC increased 34 to 73% in ‘Foster’ holly, 268 to 413% in Eleanor Taber™ Indian hawthorn, and 2540 to 4440% in Olivia™ Indian hawthorn. Plant size ...

/pdf/multiple-cyclanilide-applications-promote-branching-of-woody-g6mghatzd7.pdf

Multiple Cyclanilide Applications Promote Branching of Woody Ornamentals

Salvia leucantha (Mexican sage) and Verbena canadensis ‘Homestead Purple’ were treated with the plant growth retardants (PGRs), Cutless, Sumagic, B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, or Pistill unde...

Growth regulation of Mexican sage and 'Homestead Purple' verbena during greenhouse and nursery production.

This investigation was conducted to determine the plant growth retardant type, application method, and rate required to produce a marketable greenhouse pot plant of Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’. Pruned plants in 10 cm (4 in) pots received growth retardant treatments in two experiments consisting of one application of ancymidol or paclobutrazol medium drenches at 0, 2, 4, or 6 ppm; daminozide spray at 0, 2550, 5100, or 7650 ppm; paclobutrazol spray at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, or 60 ppm; flurprimidol spray at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, or 200 ppm; or maleic hydrazide at 0, 360, 720, 1080, 1440, or 1800 ppm in the first experiment and sprays of daminozide at 0, 2550, 5100, or 7650 ppm; paclobutrazol at 0, 60, or 120 ppm; daminozide/paclobutrazol combinations at 0, 2550/16, 2550/32, 2550/48, or 2550/64 ppm, chloromequat at 0, 767, 1534, or 2301 ppm; or daminozide/chloromequat combinations at 0, 1275/1534, 2550/1534, 3825/1534, or 5100/1534 ppm in the second experiment. In the first experiment, there ...

/pdf/plant-growth-retardants-affect-growth-and-flowering-of-f7kji8i4xn.pdf

Plant Growth Retardants Affect Growth and Flowering of Coreopsis verticillata ‘Moonbeam’

Coreopsis verticillata ‘Moonbeam’ and Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’ were sprayed with tank mixes of B-Nine and Cycocel in all combinations of 0, 2500, 5000 or 7500 ppm B-Nine and 0, 1000, 1500 or 2000 ppm Cycocel. B-Nine was more effective in controlling height of both cultivars than Cycocel or B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes. B-Nine alone suppressed height of coreopsis 26-52% (over all concentrations and all data collection dates), in contrast to a 17–41% height suppression when B-Nine was combined with Cycocel. Cycocel alone suppressed height of coreopsis 6–16% over all concentrations and data collection dates. B-Nine suppressed height of rudbeckia 20–40% over all data collection dates, while Cycocel suppressed height of rudbeckia only in the last two weeks of data collection (10 and 12% at weeks 8 and 9, respectively). Tank mixes applied to rudbeckia were not as effective as B-Nine alone for height suppression. Flowering of coreopsis was delayed 6 days by B-Nine and 12–14 days by tank mixes of B-Nin...

/pdf/response-of-moonbeam-coreopsis-and-goldsturm-rudbeckia-to-b-4aodbbr0ce.pdf

Response of ‘Moonbeam’ Coreopsis and ‘Goldsturm’ Rudbeckia to B-Nine and Cycocel

Studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine effects of Atrimmec (dikegulac-sodium) applied at 0, 2340 or 4680 ppm and pruning just prior to Atrimmec application (1999 only) on shoot length and shoot number of Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Goldflame’ (Goldflame honeysuckle). When Atrimmec was applied in June 1999, shoot lengths were suppressed in non-pruned plants 21–24% 2 weeks after treatment (WAT), 16–19% 4 WAT, 16–17% 8 WAT, and 15–16% 10 WAT compared to control plants. Shoot length was suppressed 933% in pruned plants from 2 through 10 WAT, with increased suppression from concurrent pruning evident in control plants 2 WAT, and for plants treated with the higher Atrimmec rate 2 through 10 WAT. Following 10 WAT, increasing Atrimmec rate suppressed shoot length linearly and independent of pruning, 15–21% 12 WAT and 14–21% 14 WAT. When Atrimmec was applied in April 2000, shoot length of non-pruned plants was suppressed quadratically by increasing Atrimmec rate with suppression at the highest ra...

/pdf/atrimmec-suppresses-shoot-length-and-promotes-branching-of-13d9sg6oo4.pdf

Atrimmec Suppresses Shoot Length and Promotes Branching of Lonicera x heckrottii ‘Goldflame’ (Goldflame Honeysuckle)

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