In this chapter a theory of motivation and emotion developed from an attributional perspective is presented Before undertaking this central task, it might be beneficial to review the progression of the book In Chapter 1 it was suggested that causal attributions have been prevalent throughout history and in disparate cultures Studies reviewed in Chapter 2 revealed a large number of causal ascriptions within motivational domains, and different ascriptions in disparate domains Yet some attributions, particularly ability and effort in the achievement area, dominate causal thinking To compare and contrast causes such as ability and effort, their common denominators or shared properties were identified Three causal dimensions, examined in Chapter 3, are locus, stability, and controllability, with intentionality and globality as other possible causal properties As documented in Chapter 4, the perceived stability of a cause influences the subjective probability of success following a previous success or failure; causes perceived as enduring increase the certainty that the prior outcome will be repeated in the future And all the causal dimensions, as well as the outcome of an activity and specific causes, influence the emotions experienced after attainment or nonattainment of a goal The affects linked to causal dimensions include pride (with locus), hopelessness and resignation (with stability), and anger, gratitude, guilt, pity, and shame (with controllability)

/pdf/an-attributional-theory-of-achievement-motivation-and-2eu5g13rxj.pdf

An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.

Defining hope as a cognitive set that is composed of a reciprocally derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed determination) and (b) pathways (planning of ways to meet goals), an individual-differences measure is developed. Studies demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and the factor structure identifies the agency and pathways components of the Hope Scale. Convergent and discriminant validity are documented, along with evidence suggesting that Hope Scale scores augmented the prediction of goal-related activities and coping strategies beyond other self-report measures. Construct validational support is provided in regard to predicted goal-setting behaviors; moreover, the hypothesized goal appraisal processes that accompany the various levels of hope are corroborated.

/pdf/the-will-and-the-ways-development-and-validation-of-an-25ccgmqeiw.pdf

The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope.

One of the most contested questions in the social sciences is whether people behave rationally. A large body of work assumes that individuals do in fact make rational economic, political, and social decisions. Yet hundreds of experiments suggest that this is not the case. Framing effects constitute one of the most stunning and influential demonstrations of irrationality. The effects not only challenge the foundational assumptions of much of the social sciences (e.g., the existence of coherent preferences or stable attitudes), but also lead many scholars to adopt alternative approaches (e.g., prospect theory). Surprisingly, virtually no work has sought to specify the political conditions under which framing effects occur. I fill this gap by offering a theory and experimental test. I show how contextual forces (e.g., elite competition, deliberation) and individual attributes (e.g., expertise) affect the success of framing. The results provide insight into when rationality assumptions apply and, also, have broad implications for political psychology and experimental methods.

/pdf/political-preference-formation-competition-deliberation-and-4qonpu02ib.pdf

Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects

Hope is defined as the process of thinking about one's goals, along with the motivation to move toward (agency) and the ways to achieve (pathways) those goals. After discussing other related concepts, the scale for measuring hope is introduced, and the role of hope in the counseling process is described.

Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Nurturing Hope

Three measures of actors' network centrality are derived from an elementary rocess model of social influence. The measures are closely related to, and cast new light on, widely used measures of actors' centrality; for example, the essential social organization of status that has been assumed by Hubbell, Bonacich, Coleman, and Burt appears as a deducible outcome of this social influence process. Unlike previous measures, which have been viewed as competing alternatives, the present measures are complementary and, in their juxtaposition, provide for a rich description of social structure. The complementary indicates a degree of theoretical unification in the work on network centrality that was heretofore unsuspected.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2781908.pdf

Theoretical Foundations for Centrality Measures

This paper reports the results of a postal questionnaire completed by 2343 smokers who had contacted a television company for help with stopping smoking. Of these, 1848 (78.9%) completed a follow-up questionnaire 1 year later. This indicated that 797 had tried to stop, 709 had tried to cut down, and 164 had become abstinent. Analyses show that the intention to try to stop smoking was dependent not only on the perceived health benefit, but also on the subjects' confidence that they would succeed if they tried to stop. As predicted by Weiner's [(1979). J. Educ. Psychol. 71: 3-25] model of achievement motivation, those who attributed other smokers' failures at quitting to stable factors had lower expectancies of success, as had those who saw themselves as more addicted. When the follow-up data are considered, reported attempts at quitting were strongly related to previously declared intentions, and reported abstinence was related to previous confidence (expectancy of success) and perceived addiction. There is no support for hypotheses concerning self-other differences in attribution, or defensive attribution, in subjects' attributions for their own failures at cessation. Implications for antismoking interventions are discussed.

/pdf/trying-to-stop-smoking-effects-of-perceived-addiction-38q5bwdtzy.pdf

Trying to stop smoking: effects of perceived addiction, attributions for failure and expectancy of success.

We used two experiments to examine the influence of one's own attitude on the perception of group attitudes. In the first experiment, subjects viewed opinion statements, supposedly made by residents of two towns, on the issue of building a local nuclear power station. One town was large and had frequently occurring statements and the other was small with infrequently occurring statements; there was an equal proportion of pro and anti statements in both towns. The prediction that subjects would perceive an illusory correlation between attitude positions similar to their own (self-relevance) and the infrequently cited (distinctive) town was supported for anti subjects only. Subsequent investigation indicated that this was due to the confounding effect of a prior expectation associating small towns with more antinuclear attitudes. Experiment 2 eliminated the variable of town size by informing subjects that towns of equal size had been more heavily or lightly sampled. Consist! ent with the hypotheses, both pro and anti subjects perceived an illusory correlation between their own attitude and the town providing the smaller sample, this effect increasing with attitude extremity. The consequences of these findings for the generalizability of illusory correlation explanations of stereotyping are discussed.

/pdf/generalizing-the-illusory-correlation-effect-v20dmbqaww.pdf

Generalizing the illusory correlation effect

Preface, ix Chapter 1 Nuclear Energy: Public Opinion and Local Attitudes, 1 Chapter 2 Local Context and Research Design, 25 Chapter 3 Local Attitudes: Costs, Benefits and the Salience of Consequences, 47. Chapter 4 Comparison with Other Energy Sources, 75 Chapter 5 Representations of the Nuclear Debate, 107 Chapter 6 Nuclear Accidents, 141 Chapter 7 Danger, Trust and Public Policy, 173 References, 205 Subject Index, 217 Author Index, 219.

Nuclear neighbourhoods : community responses to reactor siting

Investigated whether cigarette smokers' views of their own smoking and their attributions for why smokers generally often fail to quit were related to ratings of confidence in their own ability to quit, and their intention to do so by analyzing responses to 3 postal questionnaires. One year later, self-reports were obtained of whether the Ss had attempted to quit or reduce their consumption. The sample consisted of 141 smokers who had contacted a TV company in response to an offer of free antismoking kits. Path analyses were conducted on the total sample, and on a restricted sample of Ss who had previously tried to stop smoking but relapsed. These indicated that cessation attempts were predictable from intention, that intention was predictable from confidence (expectancy of success), and that confidence was predictable from attributions in a manner consistent with B. Weiner's (see PA, Vol 62:8688) model of achievement motivation. Ss' views of their own smoking, based on r! atings of 20 self-descriptive items, were characterized in terms of 2 factors that also related to attributions--Confidence and Intention.

/pdf/smoking-cessation-and-smokers-perceptions-of-their-addiction-51q1amoh27.pdf

Smoking cessation and smokers' perceptions of their addiction

Attitudes in a social context

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