There is urgent need for more data on species distributions in order to improve conservation planning. A crucial but challenging aspect of producing high-quality data is the correct identification of organisms. Traditional printed floras and dichotomous keys are difficult to use for someone not familiar with the technical jargon. In poorly known areas, such as Amazonia, they also become quickly outdated as new species are described or ranges extended. Recently, online tools have allowed developing dynamic, interactive, and accessible keys that make species identification possible for a broader public. In order to facilitate identifying plants collected in field inventories, we developed an internet-based free-access tool to identify Amazonian fern species. We focused on ferns, because they are easy to collect and their edaphic affinities are relatively well known, so they can be used as an indicator group for habitat mapping. Our key includes 302 terrestrial and aquatic entities mainly from lowland Amazonian forests. It is a free-access key, so the user can freely choose which morphological features to use and in which order to assess them. All taxa are richly illustrated, so specimens can be identified by a combination of character choices, visual comparison, and written descriptions. The identification tool was developed in Lucid 3.5 software and it is available at http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org:8080/sandbox/keys.jsp.

https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=11370

A free-access online key to identify Amazonian ferns

Ferns and lycophytes are an excellent group for conservation and species distribution studies because they are closely related to environmental changes. In this study, we analyzed collection gaps, sampling biases, richness distribution, and the species conservation effectiveness of protected areas in the Lower Tapajos River Basin using ferns and lycophytes as a model group. We built a database based on herbarium specimens that were taxonomically verified and georeferenced. We then examined the relationship between sampling effort and documented species richness and tested for collection bias towards access routes (navigable rivers and roads). We made a comparison of species composition among the study areas and sixteen other areas in the Brazilian Amazon using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and tested whether floristic similarity was correlated with geographic distance. We found that more than 92% of the area is unsampled and that collecting effort is highly biased towards areas along access routes, such as roads and navigable rivers. Only four out of the seven protected areas in the Lower Tapajos Basin had records of ferns and lycophytes. We present here species checklists for those areas. In total, we recorded 151 species of 60 genera and 24 families. Five species are new records for the state of Para, and nine out of the 151 species recorded occur only outside protected areas. Species composition is most similar among areas sharing similar vegetation types; geographic closeness does not necessarily reflect floristic similarity. We conclude that the fern and lycophyte flora the Brazilian Amazon is still far from complete and recommend the direction of future collection efforts to other under-sampled portions of the region. Such a sampling strategy will reduce sampling bias and providing a better knowledge base for the conservation of Amazonian fern and lycophyte diversity.

An inventory of the ferns and lycophytes of the Lower Tapajós River Basin in the Brazilian Amazon reveals collecting biases, sampling gaps, and previously undocumented diversity

Effects of forest degradation on Amazonian ferns in a land‐bridge island system as revealed by non‐specialist inventories

Ophioglossaceae foi mencionada para a flora de Roraima em um estudo sobre as pteridofitas da Ilha de Maraca Entretanto, o unico especime de Ophioglossum citado para o estado nao foi encontrado nos herbarios consultados Esta nota documenta e ilustra o registro de Ophioglossum nudicaule L f em uma area de savana de Roraima Palavras-chaves : Amazonia, Ophioglossum , Polypodiopsida, pteridofitas

https://periodicos.unifap.br/index.php/biota/article/download/3240/v7n4p55-56.pdf

Notas sobre a ocorrência de ophioglossaceae no estado de roraima, brasil

Aim To examine the relative importance of gradients in soil fertility and rainfall for the phylogenetic structure of Neotropical forest fern communities, and to quantify how much the results are affected by phylogenetic resolution. Location Tropical lowland forests in Brazil (central Amazonia) and Panama (the Panama canal watershed). Methods We inventoried local fern communities at a total of 87 sites to model how their species richness and phylogenetic relatedness varied along gradients in soil fertility and rainfall. We produced a time-calibrated species-level molecular phylogeny of ferns, and quantified the phylogenetic relatedness of species within local communities using Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD) and mean phylogenetic diversity (MPD). Calculations were compared for phylogenies resolved to the species and genus levels. Results (1) We found significant and consistent effects of soil nutrient status on local phylogenetic community structure in both regions. In contrast, phylogenetic structure showed only a weak or no relationship with rainfall. (2) In both regions, MPD declined with increasing soil fertility, which means that fern communities on poor soils consisted, on average, of less closely related lineages than fern communities on rich soils. (3) Different fern genera were over-represented in different sections of the soil nutrient gradient.(4) Qualitatively similar results were obtained whether phylogenies were resolved to the species or the genus level. Main conclusions Our results highlight the importance of edaphic variation in structuring plant communities over evolutionary time-scales. Within the tropical forests studied, the effects of soil variation on local phylogenetic community structure seem to outweigh those of climate. Several fern genera show strong edaphic niche conservatism to either poor or rich soils, whereas many other genera have radiated to span a rather broad edaphic range. PD-based measures are so dominated by deep relationships that genus-level phylogenies are sufficient to investigate these patterns in tropical fern communities.

Phylogenetic relatedness within Neotropical fern communities increases with soil fertility

There are few inventories of ferns and lycophytes of the Brazilian Amazon and most of them were made in areas of poor soils. The general species richness found in previous studies is low. This study presents an annotated list containing 122 species and three varieties of ferns and lycophytes from Biological Reserve of Uatuma, a large reserve that includes small patches of rich soils in Central Amazonia. The study site is located ca. 200 km north of Manaus, AM, Brazil. Inventories were made more intensively inside a grid system of trails of 5 x 5 km and less intensively in some white-sand forests and waterfalls in the

/pdf/an-annotated-checklist-of-ferns-and-lycophytes-from-the-98fn84jz6i.pdf

An annotated checklist of ferns and lycophytes from the biological reserve of uatumã, an area with patches of rich-soils in central amazonia, brazil

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An annotated checklist of ferns and lycophytes from the biological reserve of uatumã, an area with patches of rich-soils in central amazonia, brazil