G eant 4 is a toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, a large set of long-lived particles, materials and elements, over a wide energy range starting, in some cases, from 250 eV and extending in others to the TeV energy range. It has been designed and constructed to expose the physics models utilised, to handle complex geometries, and to enable its easy adaptation for optimal use in different sets of applications. The toolkit is the result of a worldwide collaboration of physicists and software engineers. It has been created exploiting software engineering and object-oriented technology and implemented in the C++ programming language. It has been used in applications in particle physics, nuclear physics, accelerator design, space engineering and medical physics.

/pdf/geant4-a-simulation-toolkit-12yx9js3je.pdf

Geant4—a simulation toolkit

SRIM is a software package concerning the S topping and R ange of I ons in M atter. Since its introduction in 1985, major upgrades are made about every six years. Currently, more than 700 scientific citations are made to SRIM every year. For SRIM-2010 , the following major improvements have been made: (1) About 2800 new experimental stopping powers were added to the database, increasing it to over 28,000 stopping values. (2) Improved corrections were made for the stopping of ions in compounds. (3) New heavy ion stopping calculations have led to significant improvements on SRIM stopping accuracy. (4) A self-contained SRIM module has been included to allow SRIM stopping and range values to be controlled and read by other software applications. (5) Individual interatomic potentials have been included for all ion/atom collisions, and these potentials are now included in the SRIM package. A full catalog of stopping power plots can be downloaded at www.SRIM.org . Over 500 plots show the accuracy of the stopping and ranges produced by SRIM along with 27,000 experimental data points. References to the citations which reported the experimental data are included.

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)

/pdf/srim-the-stopping-and-range-of-ions-in-matter-1uyqpxujhc.pdf

SRIM : the stopping and range of ions in matter

Geant4 - A Simulation Toolkit

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Towards reliable binding energy referencing

The stopping and range of ions in matter is physically very complex, and there are few simple approximations which are accurate. However, if modern calculations are performed, the ion distributions can be calculated with good accuracy, typically better than 10%. This review will be in several sections: 
 
a) 
 
A brief exposition of what can be determined by modern calculations. 
 
 
 
 
b) 
 
A review of existing widely-cited tables of ion stopping and ranges. 
 
 
 
 
c) 
 
A review of the calculation of accurate ion stopping powers.

stopping and range of ions in solids

The Monte Carlo Program TRIM.SP (sputtering version of TRIM) was used to determine sputtering yields and energy and angular distributions of sputtered particles in physical (collisional) sputtering processes. The output is set up to distinguish between the contributions of primary and secondary knock-on atoms as caused by in- and outgoing incident ions, in order to get a better understanding of the sputtering mechanisms and to check on previous theoretical models. The influence of the interatomic potential and the inelastic energy loss model as well as the surface binding energy on the sputtering yield is investigated. Further results are sputtering yields versus incident energy and angle as well as total angular distributions of sputtered particles and energy distributions in specific solid angles for non-normal incidence. The calculated data are compared with experimental results as far as possible. From this comparison it turns out that the TRIM.SP is able to reproduce experimental results even in very special details of angular and energy distributions.

/pdf/sputtering-studies-with-the-monte-carlo-program-trim-sp-51mc7x1qma.pdf

Sputtering Studies with the Monte Carlo Program TRIM.SP

A new PRojected RAnge ALgorithm — further referred to as PRAL — was presented at two earlier conferences: PRAL as derived from an angular diffusion model (Albany 1980), and a more plausible direct derivation (Sidney 1981). This algorithm is distinguished from other projected range calculations by (i) being simpler and faster on the computer, (ii) readily allowing approximate analytic solutions, (iii) taking into account higher energy loss moments, e.g. nuclear and electronic straggling, and (iv) dealing with all mass ratiosM
2/M
1 in the same manner, and hence allowing to treat any chemically composed target materials, e.g. alloys, metal oxides, -hydrides, new semiconductor materials, etc. — Since results of PRAL show good agreement with presently available results from transport equations (backward Boltzmann equations), it was suspected that both approaches are equivalent. This indeed is proved in the present paper by deriving PRAL from the Boltzmann equation.

New projected range algorithm as derived from transport equations

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