https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/309915.pdf

A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions

Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals

Separation of uranium and thorium from rare earths for rare earth production – A review

First evidence of metal transfer into hydrophobic deep eutectic and low-transition-temperature mixtures: indium extraction from hydrochloric and oxalic acids

Uranium solvent extraction (SX) from aqueous acidic solutions is reviewed. First the uranium availability in earth as well as resources, mining and production reports is presented and followed by SX basic flowsheet and various important stages. Extraction, scrubbing, stripping and finally solvent equilibrium are presented in a flow-sheet form. The second half of the review discusses the various extractants used for uranium extraction and separation from acidic solutions. The extractants are divided in four types: 1) nitrogen-based extractants, 2) phosphorous-based extractants, 3) sulfur-based extractants, and 4) other extractants. Nitrogen-based extractants cover predominantly the amides and amines functional group containing extractants. The phosphorous-based extractants: tri-butyl-phosphate (TBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl (PC88A), tri-n-octyl-phosphine oxide (TOPO or Cyanex 923) and bis(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) ...

A Brief Review on Solvent Extraction of Uranium from Acidic Solutions

Extraction of rare earths and yttrium with high molecular weight carboxylic acids

The extraction of uranium (VI) from hydrochloric acid medium with PC-88A (H2A2 in dimeric form) and neutral organo phosphorous donors like TBP, TOPO and Cyanex 923 (S) in dodecane is reported. Experiments were performed with PC-88A, TOPO and Cyanex 923 alone and with the mixtures of PC-88A with TBP, TOPO or Cyanex 923. The presence of neutral donors in PC-88A solutions gave synergistic enhancement in the extraction of uranium (VI), the order being Cyanex 923>TOPO>TBP. The species extracted with PC-88A alone is UO2(HA2)2, whereas with TOPO or Cyanex 923 alone, it is UO2Cl2·2S and with the synergistic mixtures it is UO2(HA2)2·S. The power dependencies of S and PC-88A under experimental conditions have also been evaluated using non-linear regression analysis. The equilibrium constants of synergistic extraction have been calculated and the mechanism of the extraction is discussed. The effect of different organic diluents on uranium (VI) extraction with PC-88A has also been examined.

Synergistic extraction of U(VI) with mixtures of 2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester (PC-88A) and TBP, TOPO or Cyanex 923

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Extraction of rare earths and yttrium with high molecular weight carboxylic acids

Synergistic extraction of U(VI) with mixtures of 2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester (PC-88A) and TBP, TOPO or Cyanex 923