The hypermobility syndrome has been recognized as a definitive diagnostic entity among children referred to a Pediatric Arthritis Clinic with musculoskeletal complaints. The diagnosis of hypermobility was made by the ability of the patients to perform at least three of the following maneuvers: (1) extension of the wrists and metacarpal phalanges so that the fingers are parallel to the dorsum of the forearm; (2) passive apposition of thumbs to the flexor aspect of the forearm; (3) hyperextension of elbows (greater than or equal to 10 degrees); (4) hyperextension of knees (greater than or equal to 10 degrees); (5) flexion of trunk with knees extended so palms rest on the floor. Of 262 patients, 15 (5.7%) referred to an arthritis clinic between January 1979 and July 1981 were subsequently determined to have hypermobility as the basis for their rheumatic complaints. Three of these 15 had concomitant juvenile arthritis. The presenting complaint of pain was most often localized to the knees, hands, and fingers. Arthritis and elevated ESRs were not seen except in the three patients who had concomitant juvenile arthritis. All patients responded to physical therapy and nonsteroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs. This is an entity not sufficiently well recognized as a source of musculoskeletal complaints in the United States. It will usually respond well to reassurance and symptomatic therapy.

The hypermobility syndrome

/pdf/effect-of-stroboscopic-vision-training-on-dynamic-visual-45w91mrb4p.pdf

Effect of Stroboscopic Vision Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity Scores: Nike Vapor Strobe® Eyewear

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the number of test–retest trials required to familiarize participants in order to provide acceptable reliability for the measurement of an eye–hand coordination task using the Sport Vision Trainer (SVT). Two schedules were conducted (S1 and S2). For S1, 64 participants (male n = 51, age 20.8 ± 4.9 years; female n = 13, age 20.1 ± 2.1 years) attended four sessions each 1 week apart, and undertook four trials using the SVT. For S2, 60 participants (male n = 46, age 20.8 ± 4.9 years; female n = 14, age 20.1 ± 2.1 years) attended one 20-minute schedule consisting of four consecutive trials using the SVT. Limits of agreement (LoA) analyses showed that absolute reliability was increased in both studies. The LoA for S2 indicate that error decreased between trial 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4; ± 0.95 (CI, −1.16, +2.56sec), ± 0.97 (CI, −1.66, +2.14sec), ± 0.69 (CI, −1.08, +1.62sec). It was concluded that reliable measurements of eye–hand coordination can be obtained using the SV...

/pdf/determining-eye-hand-coordination-using-the-sport-vision-cf487qt348.pdf

Determining Eye–Hand Coordination Using the Sport Vision Trainer: An Evaluation of Test–Retest Reliability

Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to investigate whether exercising brain performed by boxers have any kind of effect on visual attention, eye-hand coordination and dynamic balance performances of athletes.
Material:  In accordance with the purpose of this study, 29 athletes who do exercises regularly at Sakarya Boxing Club have been divided into two groups as control and experiment group. The Star Excursion Balance test was used to measure participants' dynamic balance performance, the Bourdon-Wiersma Stipple test was used to measure visual attention, and Alternate Hand Wall Toss test was used to measure eye-hand coordination as pre and post-test. Repeated Measures Anova analysis was used for analysis of the obtained data.
Results:  In terms of the obtained data, it has been observed that between pre and pro tests a significant development pattern shows itself for whole study group. On the other hand, as for the investigation of the pre and post-test interactions of experiment and control group, When pre and post-test interactions of experimental and control groups were examined, there was no significant difference in visual attention and dynamic balance development, but in eye-hand coordination test, improvement in experimental group was found to be higher than in control group.
Conclusions: The findings of the study in which exercising brain applied to boxers for 8 weeks showed that there was no significant difference between dynamic balance and visual attention development values, but there was a significant difference between control and experimental groups, eye-hand coordination development values.

/pdf/the-effect-of-the-exercises-brain-on-boxers-eye-hand-4wmpv6apyx.pdf

The effect of the exercises brain on boxers’ eye-hand coordination, dynamic balance and visual attention performance

Research pertaining to the superiority of athletes’ visio-spatial expertise when compared to non-athletes is conflicting. This discrepancy may arise due to a superiority in athletes in only specific visio-spatial skills (VSS) and not all aspects of vision. The aim of this study was to discern whether rugby players have superior VSS/expertise in comparison to non-athletes, when comparing six visual skills (accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness, visual memory and hand–eye coordination). The participants underwent an optometric assessment, after which the VSS components of non-athletes and premier league rugby players were assessed by using six different existing tests namely; the Hart Near Far Rock, saccadic eye movement, evasion, accumulator, flash memory and ball wall toss tests. A statistically significant (p ≤ .05) difference existed between rugby players and non-athletes for five out of the six tests. Conversely, no real evidence is shown that visual memory differs between rugby players and non- athletes (p = .599). This study found that rugby players have an enhanced accommodation facility, saccadic eye movements, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness and hand–eye coordination, but not visual memory, when compared to non-athletes. These findings of a superiority of rugby players in specific VSS have broad implications for theories of sport vision, how best to select tests and in the development of sport-specific VSS testing batteries.

Visio-spatial skills in athletes: comparison of rugby players and non-athletes

Vision is one of the most important special senses and is the primary source of external information. The role of vision in our everyday lifestyles is immense and adequate visual skills are needed for simple tasks which include reading and writing, that are especially important for students. Stress is an important factor which most students deal with, and along with other external factors, could adversely affect the ability to effectively perform many visual skills. This study aims to determine if sports vision exercises could improve visual skills and thereby enhance motor and cognitive performance. A 169 second year physiology students (18-22 years of age) participated in the study. The students were divided into control (n=78) and experimental groups (n=91) and pre and post sports vision tests were conducted. This included testing visual skills such as visual acuity, eye dominance, focusing, tracking, vergence, sequencing, eye-hand coordination, visualization and reflex. The results showed a significant improvement in the sequencing and eye-hand coordination tests in the experimental group, whilst a non-significant improvement (control group) was observed in the visual acuity, visualization, tracking, vergence and reflex tests. The improvements (except for focusing) were greater in the experimental group than in the control group. The study clearly showed that correct sports vision training can improve certain visual skills and lead to an enhancement of motor and cognitive learning and performance. Sports vision exercises are therefore an efficient method of improving certain visual skills and possibly minimizing any defects caused by stress. Key words: Sports vision exercises, visual skills, students.

The effects of sports vision exercises on the visual skills of university students

The two fundamental categories of vision include visual-perceptual and visual-motor skills. Visual-motor skills encompass three essential ocular motor skills, namely focusing, eye-hand coordination and tracking. The aspects of the visual perceptual process include visual memory and visualization. This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the visual performance of individuals exposed to a sedentary work environment and those exposed to an active work environment. The participants consisted of military recruits, who underwent a 12 week intense training regimen, and second year university students, who were subjected to a battery of vision testing to determine their visual performance. It was hypothesized that training recruits will possess superior visual skills in comparison to university students. The results indicate that training recruits possess superior skills in eye-hand coordination and visualization, while students showed enhanced tracking and sequencing skills. Cardio stress indices and blood pressures were tested to determine the heart health of the subjects and whether these factors influence visual attributes. Although not significant, the results indicate a decrease in cardio stress index in training recruits although their blood pressures were higher than those of students. The results concur with previous studies, which have shown that individuals exposed to physical activity, even for a short period of time, tend to acquire superior visual skills. However, the skills are honed according to the field of expertise due to the transfer effect that occurs in the brain. The findings of the study support as well as contradict evidence regarding sports vision testing and training, thus further investigation is required to elucidate the controversy regarding vision testing.

/pdf/evaluation-of-visual-skills-in-sedentary-and-active-work-3jc89ujgow.pdf

Evaluation of visual skills in sedentary and active work environments

Joint hypermobility syndromes are often misinterpreted and wrongly diagnosed. Widely accepted naming such as Heritable Disorder of Connective Tissue has been shown to manifest features that closely overlap with better known disorders such as Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Currently the widely accepted ―all-inclusive‖ diagnosis for generalised hypermobility is known as Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS). People that do not have pain in their joints but still have lax joints are just considered to be hypermobile. It is currently understood that these are genetic-based conditions where connective tissue proteins such as collagen are formed differently. This results in the joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments being laxer and more fragile than is the case in non-hypermobile individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences in the occurrence of BJHS between males and females from a representative sample of a general population (aged 18-25). Testing was done on 300 recruits and 180 university students. The sample consisted of 55% males and 45% females. All subjects were tested using the 9 - point Beighton criteria for diagnosis of BJHS, with scores of 4/9 and greater being indicative of BJHS. All data were pooled and differences were observed when comparing male and female Beighton test scores. Results showed 36.41% incidence for females compared to 13.96% for males (p ≤ 0.05). These differences may be due to hormonal influence on the laxity of tendons and ligaments. Furthermore it can also question the efficiency with which the Beighton score distinguishes between BJHS and general joint flexibility.

/pdf/sex-differences-in-the-nine-point-beighton-hypermobility-5fdzfey8u9.pdf

Sex differences in the nine-point Beighton hypermobility test scores

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The effects of sports vision exercises on the visual skills of university students

Evaluation of visual skills in sedentary and active work environments

Sex differences in the nine-point Beighton hypermobility test scores