A complete model describing both single- and dual-loop optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) is introduced. It is compared to several experimental configurations, with excellent agreement in all cases. The physical insight into noise coupling mechanisms brought by the model further allows us for the design of ultralow noise OEO. Phase noise performances at 10 GHz with a single 1 km delay line and with a dual 1 km/100 m delay lines are reported. An optimized dual loop configuration exhibits low phase noise floor at high offset frequency (–160 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz) and low spur levels (–145 dBc/Hz), here again in close agreement with our model.

A Model for Designing Ultralow Noise Single- and Dual-Loop 10-GHz Optoelectronic Oscillators

Low phase noise frequency synthesizers are of paramount interest in many areas of micro-mm wave technology, encompassing for example advanced wireless communication, radar, radio-astronomy, and precision instrumentation. Although this broad research field is not bereft of methods for the generation of either low phase noise micro- or mm waves, no universal system applicable to low phase noise generation for micro and mm waves has yet been demonstrated. Here we propose a new photonic frequency discriminator based on a two wavelength delayed self-heterodyne interferometer which is compatible with such an objective. The photonic frequency discriminator can be a reference both for micro and mm waves to lower their phase noise. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a low phase noise tunable OEO (6–18 GHz) and locking of a heterodyne beat between two cw lasers (10–400 GHz) with low relative phase noise. The required components for the photonic frequency discriminator are off-the-shelf and can be readily assembled. We believe this new type of photonic frequency discriminator will enable a new generation of universal precision tunable sources for the X, K, V, W and mm-bands and beyond.

/pdf/a-photonic-frequency-discriminator-based-on-a-two-wavelength-8s0tj7ijwo.pdf

A photonic frequency discriminator based on a two wavelength delayed self-heterodyne interferometer for low phase noise tunable micro/mm wave synthesis

A widely tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based on a directly modulated monolithic integrated dual-mode amplified feedback laser (AFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this OEO scheme, the functions of the laser source, the intensity modulator, and the tunable high- $Q$ RF filter are all realized through an AFL chip. On one hand, the beating frequency of the two modes defines the central oscillating frequency, which functions as an active tunable microwave photonic filter. On the other hand, by taking advantage of the photon–photon resonance, the laser has high modulation efficiency around the beating frequency that is far beyond the intrinsic modulation bandwidth of the lasers. It eliminates the use of high-speed external modulators and dramatically reduces the threshold gain of the oscillator. By tuning the injection currents of the laser sections, stable microwave signals that are continuously tunable from 28 to 41 GHz with signal-sideband phase noise below −106 dBc/Hz (at a 10-kHz offset) and threshold electronic gain no more than 27 dB are experimentally realized.

A Widely Tunable Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Directly Modulated Dual-Mode Laser

Microwave signals can be generated by beating the two orthogonal polarization modes from a dual-frequency fiber grating laser. In this paper, we present that the phase noise of the microwave signal can be significantly reduced via optical feedback by cascading an external cavity. This is achieved as a result of the bandwidth narrowing of each polarization laser mode when introducing phase-matched feedbacks into the laser cavity. By optimizing the external cavity length and the feedback ratio, the noise level over low frequencies has been reduced by up to 30 dB, from −42 to −72dBc/Hz at 1 kHz, and from −72 to −102dBc/Hz at 10kHz. Meanwhile the relaxation resonant peaks can be eliminated. Compared with the existing techniques, the present method can offer a cost-effective, low-noise microwave signal, without the requirement for complex electrical feedback system.

Stabilization of microwave signal generated by a dual-polarization DBR fiber laser via optical feedback.

Microwave photonic link with improved phase noise using a balanced detection scheme

The photodiode impact on the phase noise of an optical link, and particularly its ability to convert the laser amplitude noise into microwave phase noise, is studied and modeled. The model involves a nonlinear RC cell which describes a photogeneration delay which is a function of the optical power. The whole system is then implemented on a microwave CAD software, and the link gain and phase noise performance are computed.

/pdf/photodiode-nonlinear-modeling-and-its-impact-on-optical-12u5uvfpem.pdf

Photodiode nonlinear modeling and its impact on optical links phase noise

We present the stabilization of the beatnote of an Er,Yb:glass Dual Frequency Laser at 1.53 μm with optical fiber delay
lines. Instead of standard optoelectronics oscillators, this architecture does not need RF filter and offers a wide tunability
from 2.5 to 5.5 GHz. Thank to a fine analysis of the laser RIN to phase noise conversion in the photodiodes, the expected
RF-amplifiers noise limit is reached with a phase noise power spectral density of -25 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz (respectively -110
dBc/Hz at 10 kHz) from the carrier over the whole tuning range. Implementation of a double fiber coil architecture
improves the oscillator spectral purity: the phase noise reaches a level of -35 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz (respectively -112 dBc/Hz
respectively 10 kHz) from the carrier.

Widely tunable opto-electronic oscillator based on a dual frequency laser

Summary form only given. Heterodyning of optical modes of a diode-pumped solid-state dual-frequency laser (DFL) is an efficient way to generate optically carried microwave signals [1], that can be used for the distribution of radar local oscillator, coherent or direct detection lidar or the implementation of stable and tunable optoelectronic oscillators. However, the free-running frequency stability of a DFL might be too low for the most demanding applications. We present here the stabilization of the beatnote of an Er, Yb:glass DFL at 1.53 μm with an optical frequency locked loop (OFLL) [2,3].The oscillator is schematized Fig. 1. Used as a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), the DFL generates a widely tunable microwave signal from 0 to 14 GHz by heterodyning its two orthogonally polarized optical modes. The optical beatnote is detected on two different high-speed photodiodes, the first one directly at the laser output, the second one after an optical fiber coil inducing a delay τ. These two microwave signals are mixed together; we then obtain an error signal which is injected, through a baseband filter, to the DFL frequency control input. This results in the stabilization of the beatnote frequency on a multiple of 1/ τ. 100 m Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)With a 100 m optical fiber delay line, the beatnote phase noise is improved by 60dB leading to a level of -20 dBc/Hz, at 10 Hz from the carrier (Fig. 2), a fairly good result for such a short delay. The beatnote linewidth is then reduced from few hundreds of hertz to few hertz. Since this architecture does not require an RF filter, this oscillator is tunable from 2.5 to 5.5 GHz, actually limited by the RF components of our frequency discriminator. Such an oscillator could be used in a radar, communication or electronic warfare system requiring widely tunable microwave frequency references distributed via photonic links. Moreover, it could find applications in the laser radar area, either by using the wide tunability of the emitted signal to obtain a high range resolution in a direct detection system [4], or by providing a widely tunable local oscillator in a coherent detection lidar.

Widely tunable optoelectronic oscillator based on a dual-frequency laser

We present here a widely tunable opto-electronic oscillator (OEO) based on an Er,Yb:glass Dual Frequency Laser (DFL)
at 1.53 μm. The beatnote is stabilized with an optical fiber delay line. Compared to classical optoelectronic oscillators,
this architecture does not need RF filter and offers a wide tunability. We measured a reduction of 67 dB of the phase
noise power spectral density (PSD) at 10 Hz of the carrier optical fiber leading to a level of -27 dBc/Hz with only 100 m
optical fiber. Moreover, the scheme offers a microwave signal tunability from 2.5 to 5.5 GHz limited by the RF
components.

Widely tunable opto-electronic oscillator

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Photodiode nonlinear modeling and its impact on optical links phase noise

Widely tunable opto-electronic oscillator based on a dual frequency laser

Widely tunable optoelectronic oscillator based on a dual-frequency laser

Widely tunable opto-electronic oscillator