Chemokines constitute a group of small, secreted proteins that regulate leukocyte migration and contribute to their activation. Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators that play a key role in managing viral infections, during which the profile of chemokine expression helps shape the immune response and regulate viral clearance, improving clinical outcome. In particular, the chemokine ligand CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 were explored in a plethora of RNA and DNA viral infections. In this review, we highlight the expression profile and role of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in the host defense against a variety of RNA and DNA viral infections. We also discuss the interactions among viruses and host cells that trigger CXCL10 expression, as well as the signaling cascades induced in CXCR3 positive cells.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/11/2445/pdf?version=1668161433

CXCL10 Chemokine: A Critical Player in RNA and DNA Viral Infections

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, particularly of the M(3) subtype, are useful therapeutics as bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The first long-acting muscarinic antagonist, tiotropium bromide (Spiriva(®)), was launched in 2002 and has since become established as the gold-standard muscarinic antagonist for the treatment of COPD. This review will survey the preclinical profiles of tiotropium and nine inhaled development candidates as well as literature reports of other preclinical compounds specifically designed as inhaled antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of COPD. The design strategies employed lay behind three common principles: high potency and slow reversibility at the M(3) receptor and low systemic exposure. In addition to their effectiveness as bronchodilators, the differentiation of these agents in the clinic may be linked to their potential to be utilized in combination with other therapeutics. In the long term, the emerging knowledge around the role of muscarinic antagonists in the inflammation and remodeling of the airways may also help in discriminating them.

Long-acting muscarinic antagonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

To evaluate the diagnostic value of the combination of two broad‐range PCR assays targeting two different and conserved regions of the viral genome for the diagnosis of acute Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Patients with acute hepatitis were prospectively recruited. In all, HEV‐IgM antibodies were tested together with evaluation of HEV viraemia by two PCR assays (ORF3 and ORF1). The number of individuals exhibiting negative IgM antibody results but carrying viral RNA was calculated by each PCR assay. Four‐hundred and seventy individuals were included, of whom 145 (30.8%) were diagnosed as having acute HEV. Of them, 122 (84.1%) exhibited HEV‐IgM antibodies, and 81 (55.8%) had detectable viral RNA for at least one PCR. Using the ORF3 molecular assay, 70 (48.3%) individuals were identified with HEV infection. When the ORF1 molecular assay was applied, 49 (33.8%) individuals were identified. The ORF3 assay detected viral RNA in 32 patients not detected by the ORF1 assay. In contrast, the ORF1 assay could amplify viral RNA in 11 patients who were not detected by the ORF3 assay. The parallel use of two broad‐range PCR assays significantly increased the performance of the molecular diagnosis of HEV.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1751-7915.14247

Optimization of the molecular diagnosis of the acute hepatitis E virus infection

Hepatitis E virus in pork meat products and exposure assessment in Belgium.

Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) circulation in humans and swine has been extensively studied in South America over the last two decades. Nevertheless, only 2.1% of reported HEV strains are available as complete genome sequences. Therefore, many clinical, epidemiological, and evolutionary aspects of circulating HEV in the continent still need to be clarified. Here, we conducted a retrospective evolutionary analysis of one human case and six swine HEV strains previously reported in northeastern, southern, and southeastern Brazil. We obtained two complete and four nearly complete genomic sequences. Evolutionary analysis comparing the whole genomic and capsid gene sequences revealed high genetic variability. This included the circulation of at least one unrecognized unique South American subtype. Our results corroborate that sequencing the whole capsid gene could be used as an alternative for HEV subtype assignment in the absence of complete genomic sequences. Moreover, our results substantiate the evidence for zoonotic transmission by comparing a larger genomic fragment recovered from the sample of the autochthonous human hepatitis E case. Further studies should continuously investigate HEV genetic diversity and zoonotic transmission of HEV in South America. 

/pdf/uncovering-neglected-subtypes-and-zoonotic-transmission-of-3e2u5di5.pdf

Uncovering neglected subtypes and zoonotic transmission of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Brazil

https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/297468/1/HEV%20J%20Hepatol%202022.pdf

Viral clade is associated with severity of symptomatic genotype 3 Hepatitis E virus infections in Belgium, 2010-2018.

Synergistic Bronchodilatory Effects of Dexpirronium and Formoterol in Guinea Pigs

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Viral clade is associated with severity of symptomatic genotype 3 Hepatitis E virus infections in Belgium, 2010-2018.

Synergistic Bronchodilatory Effects of Dexpirronium and Formoterol in Guinea Pigs