Phytoplankton population dynamics are the result of imbalances between reproduction and losses. Losses include grazing, sinking, and natural mortality. As the importance of microbes in aquatic ecology has been recognized, so has the potential significance of viruses as mortality agents for phytoplankton. The field of algal virus ecology is steadily changing and advancing as new viruses are isolated and new methods are developed for quantifying the impact of viruses on phytoplankton dynamics and diversity. With this development, evidence is accumulating that viruses can control phytoplankton dynamics through reduction of host populations, or by preventing algal host populations from reaching high levels. The identification of highly specific host ranges of viruses is changing our understanding of population dynamics. Viral-mediated mortality may not only affect algal species succession, but may also affect intraspecies succession. Through cellular lysis, viruses indirectly affect the fluxes of energy, nutrients, and organic matter, especially during algal bloom events when biomass is high. Although the importance of viruses is presently recognized, it is apparent that many aspects of viral-mediated mortality of phytoplankton are still poorly understood. It is imperative that future research addresses the mechanisms that regulate virus infectivity, host resistance, genotype richness, abundance, and the fate of viruses over time and space.

https://bioone.org/journals/The-Journal-of-Eukaryotic-Microbiology/volume-51/issue-2/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00537.x/Viral-Control-of-Phytoplankton-Populationsa-Review1/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00537.x.pdf

Viral control of phytoplankton populations--a review.

In cultured shrimp, w h ~ t e spot syndrome 'baculovirus' (WSBV) Infection IS characterized by a wide range of target tissues, rapid disease onset and high mortality Dunng the viremic phase of infection, the virus is present in many organs However, the s~tuat ion in the natural environment remalns unclear To identify the pattern of the t ~ s s u e t rop~sm of WSBV infection in adult Penaeus monodon (black tiger shnmp) of wild ongin, we conducted a comb~ned study using currently available nucleic acid diagnostic tools and conventional histological observat~ons uslng light (LM) and transnxssion electron (TEM) mlcroscopy to examine the sites for virus mult~plication S ~ x t e e n parts excised from shnmp specimens were examined pleopods, gills, stomach, abdominal muscle, hemolymph. m ~ d g u t , heart, pereiopods lymphoid organs, integument, nervous tissue, hepatopancreas, testes, ovaries, spermatophores, and eye stalks All these tissues/organs were found to support WSBV replic a t ~ o n For the f~ r s t ~ m e in s ~ t u hybridization and TEM showed evidence of WSBV in reproduct~ve organs of black tiger shrlmp In testes, WSBV-positive cells were located in the connective Ussue layer surrounding the seminiferous tubules and no germ cells were found to be infected In the spermatophore only muscle and connective t~s sue cells were WSBV posltive In the ovary, foll~cle cells oogonla oocytes and connective tissue cells were WSBV positlve However, the fact that w e were unable to find any Infected mature eggs suggested that infected egg cells were killed by the virus before maturation

/pdf/detection-and-tissue-tropism-of-white-spot-syndrome-2nlwcuox4g.pdf

Detection and tissue tropism of white spot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV) in captured brooders of Penaeus monodon with a special emphasis on reproductive organs

The genome of equine infectious anemia virus, a nononcogenic retrovirus, has been characterized by velocity sedimentation, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, buoyant density in CS2SO4, and susceptibility to nuclease digestion. The nucleic acid of purified virus was resolved by sedimentation analysis into a fast-sedimenting genome component, which comprises about two-thirds of the virion RNA, and a slow-sedimenting RNA, which is probably comprised of host-derived tRNA and a trace amount of 5S RNA. The fast-sedimenting RNA had a sedimentation coefficient of 62S and a molecular weight of 5.4 X 10(6) to 5.6 X 10(6), as determined by sedimentation velocity and electrophoretic mobility. Upon heat denaturation, [3H]uridine-labeled 62S RNA dissociated into material comprised of 90 to 95% single-stranded species, sedimenting predominantly at 34S, with a molecular weight of 2.7 X 10(6) to 2.9 X 10(6) and 5 to 10% 4S RNA. The 62S RNA was predominantly single-stranded but contained double-stranded regions, as indicated by partial resistance to RNase IA and SI nuclease and by a lower buoyant density in CS2SO4 than that of the single-stranded 34S RNA derived by heat denaturation. These data indicated that the viral genome consisted of two 34S subunits of single-stranded RNA held in a high-molecular-weight complex with 4S RNA by a mechanism involving a small degree of base pairing. Thus, the structure of equine infectious anemia virus RNA is similar to that of other retroviruses.

Characterization of RNA from equine infectious anemia virus.

Activation of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and rose mosaic virus by RNa 4 components of some llarviruses

Rabies is a fatal zoonosis that still causes nearly 70, 000 human deaths every year. In Europe, the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was developed in the late 1970s and has demonstrated its effectiveness in the eradication of the disease in Western and some Central European countries. Following the accession of the three Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania—to the European Union in 2004, subsequent financial support has allowed the implementation of regular ORV campaigns since 2005–2006. This paper reviews ten years of surveillance efforts and ORV campaigns in these countries resulting in the near eradication of the disease. The various factors that may have influenced the results of vaccination monitoring were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs) on bait uptake and on herd immunity. As shown in previous studies, juveniles had lower bait uptake level than adults. For the first time, raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were shown to have significantly lower bait uptake proportion compared with red foxes. This result suggests potentially altered ORV effectiveness in this invasive species compared to the red foxes. An extensive phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the North-East European (NEE) rabies phylogroup is endemic in all three Baltic countries. Although successive oral vaccination campaigns have substantially reduced the number of detected rabies cases, sporadic detection of the C lineage (European part of Russian phylogroup) underlines the risk of reintroduction via westward spread from bordering countries. Vaccine induced cases were also reported for the first time in non-target species (Martes martes and Meles meles).

/pdf/rabies-in-the-baltic-states-decoding-a-process-of-control-21l3foh7h4.pdf

Rabies in the Baltic States: Decoding a Process of Control and Elimination

The results of the meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, held in Madrid, September 1975, are briefly reported: rules of viral nomenclature, composition of the new Executive Committee, and a list of the names so far officially agreed.

/pdf/the-classification-and-nomenclature-of-viruses-3i4m64d1mc.pdf

The classification and nomenclature of viruses

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The classification and nomenclature of viruses