Research designs in psychological genetics with special reference to the multiple variance method.

According to a classical narrative, early geneticists, failing to see how Mendelism provides the missing pieces of Darwin’s theory, rejected gradual changes and advocated an implausible yet briefly popular view of evolution-by-mutation; after decades of delay (in which synthesis was prevented by personal conflicts, disciplinary rivalries, and anti-Darwinian animus), Darwinism emerged on a new Mendelian basis. Based on the works of four influential early geneticists – Bateson, de Vries, Morgan and Punnett –, and drawing on recent scholarship, we offer an alternative that turns the classical view on its head. For early geneticists, embracing discrete inheritance and the mutation theory (for the origin of hereditary variation) did not entail rejection of selection, but rejection of Darwin’s non-Mendelian views of heredity and variation, his doctrine of natura non facit saltum, and his conception of “natural selection” as a creative force that shapes features out of masses of infinitesimal differences. We find no evidence of a delay in synthesizing mutation, rules of discrete inheritance, and selection in a Mendelian-Mutationist Synthesis. Instead, before 1918, early geneticists had conceptualized allelic selection, the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, the evolution of a quantitative trait under selection, the probability of fixation of a new mutation, and other key innovations. Contemporary evolutionary thinking seems closer to their more ecumenical view than to the restrictive mid-twentieth-century consensus known as the Modern Synthesis.

/pdf/mendelian-mutationism-the-forgotten-evolutionary-synthesis-1423fi2pgf.pdf

Mendelian-mutationism: the forgotten evolutionary synthesis.

-In the panbiogeographic evolutionary synthesis, orthogenesis is referred to as a process which involves an inherent tendency to vary in certain directions, as ancestors vicariate or break apart into descendants. Orthogenesis has origins in the studies of form, but is given a biogeographic perspective in panbiogeography. The panbiogeographic use of orthogenesis is compatible with the origin of the term as presented by Haacke and Eimer. Misinterpretations of orthogenesis describing it as mystical, teleological and linear are invalid. The orthogenetic aspect of evolution was recognized by Darwin as "laws of growth," but was neglected in favor of natural selection. Although an internal component to evolution is recognized by contemporary biologists, it is often considered to be secondary to natural selection. Where recognition is given to an internal tendency for evolution to proceed without requiring the action of natural selection, terms such as "constraints," "bias," and "potential" may imply orthogenesis. [Orthogenesis; panbiogeography; biogeography; vicariism; evolution; dispersal.] The orthogenetic idea that evolution has its own inexorable internal momentum forcing lineages beyond the limits of natural selection is obviously absurd [Dawkins and Krebs, 1979:507]. In due time all theories defending orthogenesis were refuted [Mayr, 1982a:530]. I can accordingly understand that some naturalists may wax "religious," and speak of orthogenesis in mystical terms; others indulge in philosophical abstractions in regard also of the same orthogenesisions in regard also of the same orthogenesis etc. Naturally, I do not see the need for my part to follow in their company, but I do believe that, whatever we intend and believe, we had all better be clear about the substances here in play [Croizat,

Orthogenesis and Evolution

1. 1. The comparative physiology and biochemistry of twelve species of bioluminescent earthworms from six genera (Diplocardia, Diplotrema, Fletcherodrilus, Octochaetus, Pontodrilus and Spenceriella) from the U.S., Australia and New Zealand indicated considerable similarity in the mechanism of bioluminescence. 2. 2. With the exception of Pontodrilus bermudensis where the fluid is exuded from the mouth, all species exude bioluminescent coelomic fluid from their dorsal pores. 3. 3. Microscopic observation, isolation of active particulate fractions from seven species and comparison to the previous study of D. longa (Rudie & Wampler, 1978) suggests that the site of luminescence is the free chloragogen cell. 4. 4. The emission spectra (eight species) were broad, unimodal with maxima ranging from 500 nm to greater than 570 nm. 5. 5. The spectral and biochemical data supports the hypothesis that earthworm bioluminescence involves the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with N- isovaleryl-3-aminopropanal or its close analog, and that spectral distribution is determined by the luciferase or other luciferase-association components.

Earthworm bioluminescence: Comparative physiology and biochemistry

Widespread unexplained variations in clinical practices and patient outcomes suggest major opportunities for improving the quality and safety of medical care. However, there is little consensus regarding how to best identify and disseminate healthcare improvements and a dearth of theory to guide the debate. Many consider multicenter randomized controlled trials to be the gold standard of evidence-based medicine, although results are often inconclusive or may not be generally applicable due to differences in the contexts within which care is provided. Increasingly, others advocate the use “quality improvement collaboratives”, in which multi-institutional teams share information to identify potentially better practices that are subsequently evaluated in the local contexts of specific institutions, but there is concern that such collaborative learning approaches lack the statistical rigor of randomized trials. Using an agent-based model, we show how and why a collaborative learning approach almost invariably leads to greater improvements in expected patient outcomes than more traditional approaches in searching simulated clinical fitness landscapes. This is due to a combination of greater statistical power and more context-dependent evaluation of treatments, especially in complex terrains where some combinations of practices may interact in affecting outcomes. The results of our simulations are consistent with observed limitations of randomized controlled trials and provide important insights into probable reasons for effectiveness of quality improvement collaboratives in the complex socio-technical environments of healthcare institutions. Our approach illustrates how modeling the evolution of medical practice as search on a clinical fitness landscape can aid in identifying and understanding strategies for improving the quality and safety of medical care.

/pdf/searching-the-clinical-fitness-landscape-4deq6i2t8e.pdf

Searching the Clinical Fitness Landscape

THE interesting suggestion made by Prof. Adam Sedgwick in his Dover address—to the effect that variability has decreased and heredity increased, so to speak, as evolution has progressed—leads me to call attention to the work of certain other writers. Prof. Bailey, of Cornell University, in his work “The Survival of the Unlike” (Macmillan) argues in detail for a similar view, i.e. that heredity has been gradually “acquired,” while variability has been reduced. His book deals largely with evidence from plants. He stated the view earlier in certain papers. Moreover Prof. Williams, of Yale University, independently took up a like position at about the same time in several papers, the latest one having been read and discussed before the Society of American Naturalists at Ithaca, N.Y., December 1897, and subsequently printed in Science.1 The point of view has become fairly familiar to American biologists. Indeed the editor of Science has referred to it as one of the two most important recent suggestions in the theory of evolution. As Prof. Sedgwick does not refer to these writers—though he may intend to do so in the fuller discussion which he promises—his readers to whom the suggestion appeals may find it worth while to look into them. The work of Prof. Bailey—who is a natural selectionist among botanists !—is remarkable from other points of view as well.

Heredity and Variation

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Heredity and Variation