Effects of additives on the loss characteristics of Mn–Zn ferrite

Samples from FeSi4 powder were fabricated with a low power selective laser melting (SLM) system using a laser re-melting strategy. The sample material was characterized through magnetic measurements. The study showed excellent DC magnetic properties, comparable to commercial and other 3D printed soft ferromagnetic materials from the literature at low (1 T) magnetization. Empirical total core losses were segregated into hysteresis, eddy and excessive losses via the subtraction of finite element method (FEM) simulated eddy current losses and hysteresis losses measured at quasi-static conditions. Hysteresis losses were found to decrease from 3.65 to 0.95 W/kg (1 T, 50 Hz) after the annealing. Both empirical and FEM results confirm considerable eddy currents generated in the printed bulk toroidal sample, which increase dramatically at high material saturation after annealing. These losses could potentially be reduced by using partitioned material internal structure realized by printed airgaps. Similarly, with regard to the samples characterized in this study, the substantially increased core losses induced by material oversaturation due to reduced filling factor may present a challenge in realizing 3D printed electrical machines with comparable performance to established 2D laminated designs.

Hysteresis Measurements and Numerical Losses Segregation of Additively Manufactured Silicon Steel for 3D Printing Electrical Machines

Literature agrees that cutting may damage the electromagnetic properties of electrical steel sheets, notably along the cut edge. However, statements on the depth of the deterioration vary. An analysis of the various results presented would allow for a better consideration of the material degradation in the modeling of electromagnetic properties of the cut steel sheet in electric machines. To this aim, this paper analyzes and summarizes the deterioration depths presented in the literature. It not only provides an overview of the quantitative results, but discusses these in the context of the respective measurement method, since every technique used only provides an image of some of the aspects of the cut material affected by the cutting process.

The Degradation Depth of Non-grain Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets of Electric Machines Due to Mechanical and Laser Cutting: A State-of-the-Art Review

Effects of sintering temperature on grain growth and the complex permeability of Co0.2Ni0.3Zn0.5Fe2O4 material prepared using mechanically alloyed nanoparticles

An accurate prediction of the core losses is crucial for the optimal design and selection of the electrical steels used in electrical devices. The measured specific core losses are divided into three main parts, i.e., the eddy-current loss, the hysteresis loss, and the excess loss. In this paper, a simplified, predictive model for the core loss in a non-oriented electrical steel using fixed coefficients is proposed. The coefficients for a wide frequency spectrum up to 10 000 Hz of validity for the prediction of the eddy current, the hysteresis, and the excess components were calculated with respect to a sinusoidal voltage using the modified Steinmetz equation and a polynomial regression analysis.

Core-Loss Prediction for Non-Oriented Electrical Steels Based on the Steinmetz Equation Using Fixed Coefficients With a Wide Frequency Range of Validity

Hysteresis loss subdivision

Magnetic loss, permeability dispersion, and role of eddy currents in Mn–Zn sintered ferrites

This paper discusses the anomalous loss behavior in two electrical steels types. Starting from a non oriented electrical steel coil, three groups of samples with different grain sizes were produced. Grain oriented steel samples were produced from a commercially available material. The experimental procedure was performed by means of magnetic properties measurements using an Epstein frame. A procedure to draw the hysteresis curve of the anomalous loss is proposed. The results reported that anomalous loss has a different behavior when the two electrical steel types are compared. In non oriented steels anomalous loss is concentrated at the low induction region. In grain oriented steels, a remarkable participation of high induction region is observed.

/pdf/anomalous-loss-hysteresis-loop-220jurdibl.pdf

Anomalous Loss Hysteresis Loop

Optimisation of system efficiency is a challenge for magnetic material producers, motor designers and end users to optimise the performance of machine cores under complex magnetisation conditions. In many cases the material manufacturer does not know the magnetising conditions in a machine core, hence the best material might not be identified and neither manufacturers nor users know the characteristics of magnetic materials under highly distorted flux waveforms. This paper illustrates state of the art magnetic testing under distorted flux waveforms and presents comparisons of performance of different motor lamination steels under such waveforms. This leads on to highlight a fundamental difference of approach to test reference conditions, which under distorted flux waveforms can lead to misunderstanding in performance predictions.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8023/22154/01031699.pdf

Iron losses in electrical machines excited by non sinusoidal voltages

The hysteresis loss subdivision method proved to be a strong tool to help in the analysis of different energy dissipation mechanisms along the quasi-static hysteresis loop measured on electrical steels. This paper used the same method to discuss the mechanisms involving the energy loss dissipation in Mn-Zn ferrite toroidal cores. The samples, sintered under controlled atmosphere in industrial conditions, were measured under triangular waveform excitation at very low frequency (5 mHz) and peak flux densities varying from 0.05 T to 0.45 T. The results show a different behavior between the low inductions hysteresis loss (WLI) and the high induction hysteresis loss (WHI) which proves the existence of different energy dissipation mechanisms affecting these loss components.

Subdivision of Hysteresis Loss in Mn-Zn Ferrite Toroidal Cores

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