The United States has a rich history in high energy particle accelerators and colliders – both lepton and hadron machines, which have enabled several major discoveries in elementary particle physics. To ensure continued progress in the field, U.S. leadership as a key partner in building next generation collider facilities abroad is essential; also critically important is the exploring of options to host a future collider in the U.S. The "Snowmass" study and the subsequent Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) process provide the timely opportunity to develop strategies for both. What we do now will shape the future of our field and whether the U.S. will remain a world leader in these areas. In this white paper, we briefly discuss the US engagement in proposed collider projects abroad and describe future collider options for the U.S. We also call for initiating an integrated R&D program for future colliders. ∗email:pushpa@fnal.gov †email:sergo@fnal.gov 1 ar X iv :2 20 3. 08 08 8v 1 [ he pex ] 1 5 M ar 2 02 2

Future Collider Options for the US

Executive summary The scope of the proposal outlined in this white paper is the development and demonstration of the technology needed for next generation of Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets in the 12-14 T range. The main goal is to cut magnet cold-mass cost by a factor 2 or higher with respect to the Nb 3 Sn magnets produced by the US Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) [1] for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) [2]. This goal will be achieved by significant reduction of labor hours, higher operating point, and improved performance uniformity. A key factor will be automation that will be achieved through industry involvement and benefitting from the experience gained in US national laboratories through the production of the AUP magnets. This partnership will enable the development of a technology that will be easily transferable to industry for mid- and large-scale production of Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets in the 12-14 T range. This step is essential to enable next generation of colliders such as the FNAL-proposed Muon Collider, FCC and other HEP hadron colliders. This is a “Directed” R&D where direction is given by the field range and industry involvement for high-automation and industry-ready technology. The plan includes ten milestones, to be achieved in 6-8 years at the cost of 5-7 $M/year.

pdf/development-and-demonstration-of-next-generation-technology-3q7ompx5.pdf

Development and demonstration of next generation technology for Nb_3Sn accelerator magnets with lower cost, improved performance uniformity, and higher operating point in the 12-14 T range

Lightning damage analysis of composite bolted joint structures based on thermal-electrical-structural simulation

Abstract Compressive performances of composite structures can be significantly decreased due to the lightning strike damage, so the structures with lightning frighten must be considered lightning protection design. In this study, compressive experiments after lightning strikes were conducted on non‐protected, 12‐layer interlaminar carbon nanotube film (CNF) protected, and traditional surface silver coating (TSSC)‐protected composite laminates. A numerical analysis procedure was established, incorporating a lightning strike ablation damage simulation (LSADS) module and compressive residual strength calculation (CRSC) module. The procedure's effectiveness was verified by the experiment results. Based on this procedure, the compressive performances and the possible failure mechanism of laminates after lightning strikes were analyzed. The results show that the laminates with TSSC protection and 12‐layer interlaminar CNF protection can increase compressive residual strength compared with non‐protected laminates. The predominant compressive damages of the laminates after lightning strikes are fiber‐matrix shear damage and fiber fracture damage. Optimized one‐layer interlaminar CNF protection with a thickness of 0.36 mm can increase the laminate compressive strength but decrease the structural weight. This study offers a reference and basis for the lightning strike protection design of composite structures. Highlights CNF in lightning strike protection of composite structures. Compressive failure mechanism of composite laminates after lightning strikes. A numerical procedure to evaluate lightning damage and compressive performances. Design of interlaminar CNF protection. 

Study on compressive performances of carbon nanotube film‐protected composite laminates after lightning strike

The United States has a rich history in high energy particle accelerators and colliders — both lepton and hadron machines, which have enabled several major discoveries in elementary particle physics. To ensure continued progress in the field, U.S. leadership as a key partner in building next generation collider facilities abroad is essential; also critically important is to prepare to host an energy frontier collider in the U.S. once the construction of the LBNF/DUNE project is completed. In this paper, we briefly discuss the ongoing and potential U.S. engagement in proposed collider projects abroad and present a number of future collider options we have studied for hosting an energy frontier collider in the U.S. We also call for initiating an integrated national R&D program in the U.S. now, focused on future colliders.

Future high energy colliders and options for the U.S.

In this White Paper for the Snowmass 2021 Process, we propose the establishment of a magnet Leading-Edge technology And Feasibility-directed Program (LEAF Program) to achieve readiness for a future collider decision on the timescale of the next decade. The LEAF Program would rely on, and be synergetic with, generic R&D efforts presently covered - in the US - by the Magnet Development Program (MDP), the Conductor Procurement and R&D (CPRD) Program and other activities in the Office of HEP supported by Early Career Awards (ECA) or Lab Directed R&D (LDRD) funds. Where possible, ties to synergetic efforts in other Offices of DOE or NSF are highlighted and suggested as wider Collaborative efforts on the National scale. International efforts are also mentioned as potential partners in the LEAF Program. We envision the LEAF Program to concentrate on demonstrating the feasibility of magnets for muon colliders as well as next generation high energy hadron colliders, pursuing, where necessary and warranted by the nature of the application, the transition from R&D models to long models/prototypes. The LEAF Program will naturally drive accelerator-quality and experiment-interface design considerations. LEAF will also concentrate, where necessary, on cost reduction and/or industrialization steps.

/pdf/white-paper-on-leading-edge-technology-and-feasibility-35bnefix.pdf

White Paper on Leading-Edge technology And Feasibility-directed (LEAF) Program aimed at readiness demonstration for Energy Frontier Circular Colliders by the next decade

A novel integrated modelling framework is proposed as a set of coupled virtual tests to predict the residual compressive strength of carbon/epoxy composites after a lightning strike. Sequentially-coupled thermal-electric and thermo-mechanical models were combined with Compression After Lightning Strike (CAL) analyses, considering both thermal and mechanical lightning strike damage. The predicted lightning damage was validated using experimental images and X-ray Computed Tomography. Delamination and ply degradation information were mapped to a compression model, with a maximum stress criterion, using python scripts. Experimental data, in which artificial lightning strike and compression testing were performed, was used to assess the predictive capabilities of the framework, considering three lightning strike peak current amplitudes (25, 50, and 75 kA). The framework herein achieved a residual strength prediction within 6% of the experimental values for all peak currents. The relationship between individual lightning damage morphologies (thermal, mechanical and delamination damage) and CAL strength has been numerically established. 

Towards a virtual test framework to predict residual compressive strength after lightning strikes

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White Paper on Leading-Edge technology And Feasibility-directed (LEAF) Program aimed at readiness demonstration for Energy Frontier Circular Colliders by the next decade

Towards a virtual test framework to predict residual compressive strength after lightning strikes