The programme of identification, cataloguing and evaluation of Polish landscapes, part of the implementation of the European Landscape Convention, has caused an increase in interest in physico-geographical regionalisation over recent years. The commonly accepted regionalisation of Poland developed by J. Kondracki (Kondracki & Richling 1994) is sufficient for work at an overview scale (e.g. 1:500,000), whereas its spatial accuracy is too low to make use of it for the purpose of Polish landscape cataloguing. The aim of this article is to present a more up-to-date and detailed division of Poland into mesoregions, adjusted to the 1:50,000 scale. In comparison with older work, the number of mesoregions has increased from 316 to 344. In many cases, some far-reaching changes in meso- and macroregions were made. Nevertheless, in most cases the previous system of units was maintained, with more detailed adjustment of boundaries based on the latest geological and geomorphological data and the use of GIS tools for the DEM analysis. The division presented here is a creatively developing new work aligning the proposals of the majority of Polish researchers. At the same time, it is a regionalisation maintaining the idea of the work developed by J. Kondracki as well as his theoretical assumptions and the criteria used to distinguish units, which makes it a logical continuation of his regional division.

/pdf/physico-geographical-mesoregions-of-poland-verification-and-xgdm7uc3q2.pdf

Physico-geographical mesoregions of Poland: Verification and adjustment of boundaries on the basis of contemporary spatial data

Invasive and expansive plant species are considered a threat to natural biodiversity because of their high adaptability and low habitat requirements. Species investigated in this research, including Solidago spp., Calamagrostis epigejos, and Rubus spp., are successfully displacing native vegetation and claiming new areas, which in turn severely decreases natural ecosystem richness, as they rapidly encroach on protected areas (e.g., Natura 2000 habitats). Because of the damage caused, the European Union (EU) has committed all its member countries to monitor biodiversity. In this paper we compared two machine learning algorithms, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), to identify Solidago spp., Calamagrostis epigejos, and Rubus spp. on HySpex hyperspectral aerial images. SVM and RF are reliable and well-known classifiers that achieve satisfactory results in the literature. Data sets containing 30, 50, 100, 200, and 300 pixels per class in the training data set were used to train SVM and RF classifiers. The classifications were performed on 430-spectral bands and on the most informative 30 bands extracted using the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation. As a result, maps of the spatial distribution of analyzed species were achieved; high accuracies were observed for all data sets and classifiers (an average F1 score above 0.78). The highest accuracies were obtained using 30 MNF bands and 300 sample pixels per class in the training data set (average F1 score > 0.9). Lower training data set sample sizes resulted in decreased average F1 scores, up to 13 percentage points in the case of 30-pixel samples per class.

/pdf/comparison-of-support-vector-machine-and-random-forest-njqw8jd7gf.pdf

Comparison of Support Vector Machine and Random Forest Algorithms for Invasive and Expansive Species Classification using Airborne Hyperspectral Data

Accurately identifying Natura 2000 habitat areas with the support of remote sensing techniques is becoming increasingly feasible. Various data types and methods are used for this purpose, and the fusion of data from various sensors and temporal periods (terms) within the phenological cycle allows natural habitats to be precisely identified. This research was aimed at selecting optimal datasets to classify three grassland Natura 2000 habitats (codes 6210, 6410 and 6510) in the Ostoja Nidzianska Natura 2000 site in Poland based on hyperspectral imagery and botanical on-ground reference data acquired in three terms during one vegetative period in 2017 (May, July and September), as well as a digital terrain model (DTM) obtained by airborne laser scanning (ALS). The classifications were carried out using a random forest (RF) algorithm on minimum noise fraction (MNF) transform output bands obtained for single terms, as well as data fusion combining the topographic indices (TOPO) calculated from the DTM, multitemporal hyperspectral data, or a combination of the two. The classification accuracy statistics were analysed in various combinations based on the datasets and their terms of acquisition. Topographic indices improved the classification accuracy of habitats 6210 and 6410, with the greatest impact noted in increased classification accuracy of xerothermic grasslands. The best terms for identifying specific habitats were autumn for 6510 and summer for 6210 and 6410, while the best results overall were obtained by combining data from all terms. The highest obtained values of the F1 coefficient were 84.5% for habitat 6210, 83.2% for habitat 6410, and 69.9% for habitat 6510. Comparing the data fusion results for habitats 6210 and 6410, greater accuracy was obtained by adding topographic indices to multitemporal hyperspectral data, while for habitat 6510, greater accuracy was obtained by fusing only multitemporal hyperspectral data.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/19/2264/pdf

Multitemporal Hyperspectral Data Fusion with Topographic Indices—Improving Classification of Natura 2000 Grassland Habitats

Over the last decades, landscape metrics have been increasingly used to describe and analyse landscape structure. This article highlights some limitations of standard landscape structure analysis approaches and examines four major developments in this field: ways of integrating the height dimension of surface and vegetation into landscape metrics, the delineation of ‘meaningful’ landscape units comprising the relief, the problem of relating pattern and scale, and the challenges posed by the analysis of the temporal dimension of landscapes. We demonstrate that (1) the integration of height information and gradients into the approach of landscape metrics is both necessary and possible by means of using digital elevation models from remote sensing and novel analysis techniques, (2) the delineation of 3-D landscape units has enormous potential and (3) there are useful methodical extensions for two-dimensional objects in spatiotemporal investigations of landscapes, namely for analysing land use change ...

Integrating time and the third spatial dimension in landscape structure analysis

Urban black-odor water is a serious water environmental problem worldwide that seriously affects the living environment and the health of residents. The detection of black-odor water is a primary problem of centralized governance. Remote sensing is an effective means for water-quality monitoring. However, in most urban areas, with their complex underlying conditions, black-odor water always shows an uncertain distribution and small area. Furthermore, because of similar spectral characteristics, it is easily confused with dark objects such as asphalt roads, dark roofs, bridges, river levees, and building shadows. In this article, we propose a new black-odor water detection method, without shadow misjudgment, for complex urban conditions. A remote sensing image from the Chinese high-resolution satellite Gaofen-2 (GF-2) was used for detection. Using in situ water-quality measurement data for verification, the results showed that the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 85.7% while reducing the false alarm rate to 3.5%. Compared to four other existing methods, the proposed method proved to be more practical because it can reduce the false extraction of nonblack-odor water to the greatest extent possible while ensuring accuracy The method proposed in this article has a good effect on the extraction of black-odor water in Nanjing City. Therefore, our method can be applied widely to screening and management of large-scale urban black-odor water and can provide reliable data for centralized treatment.

/pdf/urban-black-odor-water-remote-sensing-mapping-based-on-15kxeeay4l.pdf

Urban Black-Odor Water Remote Sensing Mapping Based on Shadow Removal: A Case Study in Nanjing

This research focuses on the use of HySpex hyperspectral images for verification of two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling of open-channel flow over loose bed (CCHE2D) and assessment of water quali...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/22797254.2018.1470905

Application of HySpex hyperspectral images for verification of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model.

Abstract At present, geoecology-related discussions are focused on the ability to provide systematic and universal landscape description in a variety of space and time scales, as well as in different functional systems. This requires the development of landscape schemes in the form of hierarchical structural and functional systems. This paper has therefore focused on concepts of crucial importance for landscape system description, such as scale, spatial range and structure and landscape functioning. The definition of these concepts and their characteristics are crucial for the ability to describe a landscape system, in terms of its structural and functional composition and valuation, as well as assessment of landscape and ecosystem functions and services. Therefore, the analysis allows a demonstration of approaches discussed in the subject literature and the authors’ opinions.

/pdf/main-aspects-of-system-hierarchy-in-ecological-landscape-pvttjjsqrj.pdf

Main aspects of system hierarchy in ecological landscape research

Na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat nastąpił renesans zainteresowania zagadnieniami regionalizacji fizycznogeograficznej Polski, w tym jej wybranych obszarów geograficznych i jednostek administracyjnych. Wynikało to nie tylko z potrzeb naukowych, ale także z formalnych uwarunkowań spowodowanych nowymi uregulowaniami prawnymi dotyczącymi m.in. ochrony i kształtowania krajobrazu oraz wyzwań stojących przed jego oceną i monitorowaniem stanu,

Weryfikacja granic mezoregionów fizycznogeograficznych w zasięgu województwa mazowieckiego

The critical load theory has been developed in order to meet the need to forecast impact of acid deposits upon environment. For practical reasons, application of the method is limited to natural ecosystems. Moreover, threshold risk values determined with the use of SBM model are considered fair and binding both from the viewpoint of building scientific hypotheses and applying in practice. At the same time, it is commonly known that ecosystems’ capability of neutralising acid deposits depends on the character of their components and the way they operate, as their multilateral relationships determine processes of deposition and distribution of acidifying and acid neutralizing substances. The objective of this study was to check relations between the structure of classically defined geocomplexes and critical sulphur loads determined by a Simple Mass Balance model. Collected evidence provides the basis to indicate a statistically significant relation between structure of geocomplexes, critical loads and parameters used to calculate these values. This let to determine that classical and commonly accessible data sources coming from landscape and physiographic research carried out in Poland are appropriate for the purpose of predicting threshold risk values in meso- and macroscale

http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-ff976136-23de-4737-b7e7-6f929dc6b0f9/c/vol12_24_Lechnio2005.pdf

Jednostki krajobrazowe jako pola podstawowe oceny zagrożenia środowiska przyrodniczego depozycją substancji zakwaszających

Abstract of the landscape from the viewpoint of the structure’s durability, characteristics and speed of change. The research focused on the area surrounding Płock. In the analysed period (1987-2010) slight changes were detected with regard to the land cover, though they were significant in terms of the natural environment. No single dominant process determining land cover change was identified. Fluctuations prevailed (producing a slightly different picture in each microregion), with a fixed pattern maintained. Distribution, shape and spatial location of land cover types are only partly determined by land lie and habitat quality. Fragmentation of the terrain is relatively high, which reflects intense land use, at the same time indicating opportunities to preserve the wildlife and vegetation typical for agrocenoses.

https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0004

Land cover as a factor affecting the structure and modifying the dynamics of a landscape system

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