A lichen research material, prepared from the species Evernia prunastri, was produced by a co-operation between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Instituto de Ciencias e Engenharia Nucleares (INETI) in Sacavem, Portugal. An international intercomparison study was carried out, with 42 independent sets of results being reported from participants in 26 countries. The statistical evaluation of the collected data resulted in recommended values for 17 elements and information values for 15 elements. The criteria for assigning the values are provided, including the use of information obtained through the parallel analysis of a second material, IAEA-359, Cabbage.

Elemental characterization of a candidate Lichen Research Material : IAEA-336

A worldwide laboratory intercomparison was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency's Analytical Quality Control Services (AQCS) involving the determination of trace elements in plant materials used for human consumption. The National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials Program donated 5 kg of spinach designated for the production of the future Standard Reference Material SRM 1570a to this intercomparison; the AQCS provided a similar amount of cabbage. For the study, 150 units of each material were distributed and 114 laboratories reported results on both materials to AQCS. The results for the spinach, encompassing more than forty elements, have been compiled and evaluated; estimates of the elemental concentrations were made based on statistical evaluations, principles of analytical procedures and the laboratory performance indicated by the results on the cabbage material. Satisfactory estimates were obtained for 27 elements. Comparison with IAEA laboratory and NIST reference data did not reveal any significant bias that might have been introduced by the intercomparison approach or its evaluation.

Certifying the chemical composition of a biological material — a case study

Publisher Summary A determination of radionuclides in environmental samples is important in relation to the protection of human health. This chapter summarizes the main aspects of the problem of the determination of radionuclides in the environment. Environmental radiation monitoring is mainly conducted with the aim of estimating an exposure dose for people near nuclear power facilities and of protecting public health and safety. Many radionuclides, both natural and man-made, are distributed through all the compartments of the environment. They contribute to the dose received by man by inhalation, digestion, or direct exposure. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to develop experimental procedures capable of measuring even minute activities of all radioisotopes. Such capabilities exist and that the progress in this field will result in reduced minimum detection limits. An important aspect of this type of measurement is quality control, which has been receiving increased attention.

Chapter 11 Determination of radionuclides in environmental samples

The chapter discusses the various methods of measuring radioactivity. The detection of radiation is based on the interactions of various types of ionizing radiations with matter. The differences between the interactions and the penetrating abilities of various radiations are relevant to radiation detection and measurement. Heavy charged particles lose energy by Coulomb interaction with the electrons and the nuclei of the absorbing materials. The collision of heavy charged particles with free and bound electrons results in the ionization or excitation of the absorbing atom, whereas the interaction with nuclei leads only to a Rutherford scattering between two types of nuclei. Thus, the energy spent by the particle in electric collisions results in the creation of electron–hole pairs, whereas the energy spent in nuclear collisions is lost to the detection process. Measurements of radioactivity, also known as radiometric methods, are: counting, which includes 2π α-counting method, 4π β-counting with a 4π gas flow counter, 4π β-counting with a liquid scintillation spectrometer, 4π α-counting with a liquid scintillation spectrometer, and 4π β–γ coincidence counting method; and gamma spectrometry, beta particle spectrometry, alpha particle spectrometry, and liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Radioactivity can also be measured by radioactive analysis.

CHAPTER 5 – Measurements of Radioactivity

The International Atomic Energy Agency has been providing analytical quality control services (AQCS) to its Member States since the 1960's. The AQCS programme distributes reference materials (RMs), organizes intercomparison runs, and provides training courses for quality assurance in chemical analysis and radioactivity measurements of food, biological, environmental and marine materials. This paper focusses on those aspects of the subject dealing with reference materials and intercomparison runs for the determination of radionuclides. Nineteen natural matrix reference materials are available for the determination of radionuclides. Twelve new intercomparison and reference materials are in preparation or under consideration. The radionuclides of interest include: K-40, Mn-54, Co-60, Sr-90, Tc-99, Ru-106, Ba-133, Cs-134, Cs-137, Pb-210, Ra-226, Th-228, Th-232, Pu-238, Pu-239+240.

IAEA Programme of natural matrix reference materials for the determination of radionuclides

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IAEA Programme of natural matrix reference materials for the determination of radionuclides