BACKGROUND:
Human platelet antigens (HPA) are determinant in several platelet-specific alloimmune disorders, such as neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, post-transfusion purpura and platelet transfusion refractoriness The distribution of HPA systems in the Malaysian population is not known Defining the patterns of HPA systems provides a basis for risk assessment and management of the above complications
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of HPA -1 to -6 and -15 in the three major ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian) in the Malaysian population A total of 600 random donor samples, 200 from each of the three ethnic groups, were genotyped by means of real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hydrolysis probes and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
RESULTS:
The most common genotype observed in this study was HPA-1a/1a-2a/2a-3a/3b-4a/4a-5a/5a-6a/6a-15a/15b (17%) followed by HPA-1a/1a-2a/2a-3a/3a-4a/4a-5a/5a-6a/6a-15a/15b (1433%) The allele frequencies of HPA in Malays and Chinese were found to be similar those of other East and South-East Asian populations, while those of Indians were comparable to the frequencies found in Europeans
CONCLUSION:
The results of this study have been useful for determining the distribution of HPA polymorphisms in this region and for potential clinical implications

Genetic polymorphisms of human platelet antigens-1 to -6, and -15 in the Malaysian population

Platelet Immunology in China: Research and Clinical Applications.

Objectives: Gene frequencies of human platelet antigens (HPA) determine the magnitude of platelet immunological disorders like neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, platelet refractoriness and ease of availability of particular HPA-typed platelet donors in a given community. Background: However, the pattern of HPA in Pakistani population is not known. Aim: The aim of present study was to determine the gene frequencies of HPA (HPA-1 to -5 and -15) in individuals belonging to major ethnic groups and castes of Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: HPA genotyping was done in 593 individuals belonging to all ethnic groups of Pakistan, by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers with detection on polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Results: The gene frequencies of the ‘a’ and ‘b’ alleles of HPA-1 to -5 and -15 in Pakistanis were as follows: HPA-1a/b, 0·885/0·115; HPA-2a/b, 0·92/0·08; HPA-3a/b, 0·69/0·31; HPA-4a/b, 1/0; HPA-5a/b, 0·9/0·1; HPA-15a/b, 0·59/0·41. Except for significant difference regarding gene frequency of HPA-3 between Pathans and Sindhis, there was no significant difference of HPA-1 to -5 and -15 between major ethnic groups of Pakistan. The estimated mismatch probability regarding platelet antigens 1–5 and 15 in Pakistanis, after transfusion of random donor platelets, is from 14 to 37%. The expected incidence of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-1a in Pakistani pregnant females is < 1 of 1000 pregnancies and 8–12 of 1000 in case of anti-HPA-5b. Homozygosity of HPA-1b, -2b and -5b genotypes ranged from 1 to 2% in the Pakistani population, whereas homozygosity of HPA-3b and -15b was 11 and 18%. Conclusions: There is a need to establish donor registries typed for HPA in the transfusion centres of the country.

Human platelet antigen polymorphisms (HPA-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -15) in major ethnic groups of Pakistan.

Multicolor real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping of six human platelet antigens using displacing probes.

Low-frequency human platelet antigens as triggers for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

In order to determine gene frequencies of human platelet antigen (HPA) and establish a panel of accredited HPA-1a, -2a, -4a, -5a and -6a-negative donors as well as an HPA-typed platelet donor registry, a total of 1000 Chinese donors of Han nationality (500 from north China and 500 from south China) were typed for HPA-1 through -16 using a DNA-based polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers genotyping method. The gene frequencies of HPA-1b, -2b, -3b, -4b, -5b, -6bw, -10bw and -15b were 0.0060, 0.0485, 0.4055, 0.0045, 0.0140, 0.0135, 0.0005 and 0.4680, respectively. The HPA-7bw, -8bw, -9bw, -11bw, -12bw, -13bw, -14bw and -16bw alleles were not found. The HPA-2b and -5b homozygous donors were detected at low frequencies. The HPA mismatch probabilities potentially leading to alloimmunization in random platelet transfusion vary with a region from 0.1% to 37% depending on the distribution patterns of common and less common alleles in each system. This study provides a useful HPA-typed plateletpheresis donor registry in China and could improve platelet antibody detection and HPA-matched platelet transfusion in alloimmune thrombocytopenic patients.

Establishment of an HPA‐1‐ to ‐16‐typed platelet donor registry in China

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Establishment of an HPA‐1‐ to ‐16‐typed platelet donor registry in China