We describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength: these alloying elements must (i) be capable of forming a suitable strengthening phase, (ii) show low solid solubility in Al, (iii) low diffusivity in Al, and (iv) retain the ability for the alloy to be conventionally solidified. With regard to criterion (i), we consider those systems forming Al3M trialuminide compounds with a cubic L12 crystal structure, which are chemically and structurally analogous to Ni3Al in the Ni-based superalloys. Eight elements, clustered in the same region of the periodic table, fulfill criterion (i): the first Group 3 transition metal (Sc), the three Group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) and the four latest lanthanide elements (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). Based on a review of the existing literature, these elements are assessed in terms of criteria (ii) and (iii), which satisfy the need for a dispersion...

/pdf/criteria-for-developing-castable-creep-resistant-aluminum-7tojhsaie6.pdf

Criteria for developing castable, creep-resistant aluminum-based alloys - A review

http://www.arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/refbase/files/Marquis-Nanoscale.pdf

Nanoscale structural evolution of Al3Sc precipitates in Al(Sc) alloys

This article describes the development of a new multi-platform software program called JMatPro for calculating the properties and behavior of multi-component alloys. These properties are wide ranging, including thermophysical and physical properties (from room temperature to the liquid state), time-temperature-transformation/continuous-cooling transformation diagrams, stress/strain diagrams, proof and tensile stress, hardness, coarsening of γ′ and γ″, and creep. A feature of the new program is that the calculations are based on sound physical principles rather than purely statistical methods. Thus, many of the shortcomings of methods such as regression analysis can be overcome. With this program, sensitivity to microstructure can be included for many of the properties and the true inter-relationship between properties can be developed, for example in the modeling of creep and precipitation hardening.

Using JMatPro to model materials properties and behavior

The microstructure formation, during casting, of alloys being immiscible in the liquid state such as copperlead or aluminium-lead has gained renewed scientific and technical interest during the last fifteen years. Especially, a new experimental tool, research under reduced gravity conditions, was able to cast new, unexpected results and theories into the discussion on the nature of the complex process of microstructure evolution in such alloys. Prior to the first experiments performed at reduced levels of gravity acceleration, it was generally agreed that the process of phase separation during cooling through the miscibility gap is dictated solely by gravity-induced effects such as natural convection and sedimentation. Fundamental and applied research in space and in earth laboratories could show that there are other mechanisms operating concurrently and under suitable conditions with equal strength. In addition applied research was able to utilize the often unexpected results from space experimentation to develop new casting processes which allow one to produce microstructures on earth suitable for bearings in automotive applications. Therefore this article describes the extensive progress that has been made during the last decade and also the fundamentals of immiscibles. In addition it will be shown that the combination of classical laboratory research, research under reduced gravity conditions and a newly developed computational modelling technique seems to be just becoming available to solve the problems of decomposition, spatial phase separation and microstructure evolution during cooling of an alloy through the liquid miscibility gap.

Liquid immiscible alloys

Sintering occurs when packed particles are heated to a temperature where there is sufficient atomic motion to grow bonds between the particles The conditions that induce sintering depend on the material, its melting temperature, particle size, and a host of processing variables It is common for sintering to produce a dimensional change, typically shrinkage, where the powder compact densifies, leading to significant strengthening Microstructure coarsening is inherent to sintering, most evident as grain growth, but it is common for pore growth to occur as density increases During coarsening, the grain structure converges to a self-similar character seen in both the grain shape distribution and grain size distribution Coarsening behavior during sintering conforms to classic grain growth kinetics, modified to reflect the evolving microstructure These modifications involve the grain boundary coverage due to pores, liquid films, or second phases and the altered grain boundary mobility due to these phases

Coarsening in Sintering: Grain Shape Distribution, Grain Size Distribution, and Grain Growth Kinetics in Solid-Pore Systems

The temporal power laws describing the coarsening process in a concentrated nonideal solid solution are derived. It is shown that the interfacial energy [sigma] can be determined in such a system from measurement of the coarsening kinetics, if an isothermal stress-free two-phase mixture is assumed. In the derivation, a modified Gibbs-Thomson equation is used and the effects of nonideal solution thermodynamics and nonzero solubilities of solute in each phase on the flux conservation condition at the interface are taken into account. The resulting rate constant is then used to analyze the coarsening process of Ni[sub 2]Al precipitates in a homogeneous Ni-Al matrix. A model for the solution thermodynamics of the matrix phase is used to compute the various thermodynamic factors and phase compositions necessary to evaluate the rate constant. The resulting value of [sigma] is approximately an order of magnitude smaller than derived on the basis of the assumptions used in the classical theory by Lifshitz and Slyozov, and Wagner. However, it is possible to extract only an approximate value of [sigma] from the experimental data due to an unfortunately large uncertainty in the value of the interdiffusion coefficient present during the coarsening experiments.

Ostwald ripening in concentrated alloys

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Ostwald ripening in concentrated alloys