The review describes recent progress on understanding and quantification of the various phenomena that take place during plasma electrolytic oxidation, which is in increasing industrial use for pro...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09506608.2018.1466492

A review of recent work on discharge characteristics during plasma electrolytic oxidation of various metals

Recent progress in surface modification of metals coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation: Principle, structure, and performance

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a novel surface treatment process to produce thick, dense metal oxide coatings, especially on light metals, primarily to improve their wear and corrosion resistance. The coating manufactured from the PEO process is relatively superior to normal anodic oxidation. It is widely employed in the fields of mechanical, petrochemical, and biomedical industries, to name a few. Several investigations have been carried out to study the coating performance developed through the PEO process in the past. This review attempts to summarize and explain some of the fundamental aspects of the PEO process, mechanism of coating formation, the processing conditions that impact the process, the main characteristics of the process, the microstructures evolved in the coating, the mechanical and tribological properties of the coating, and the influence of environmental conditions on the coating process. Recently, the PEO process has also been employed to produce nanocomposite coatings by incorporating nanoparticles in the electrolyte. This review also narrates some of the recent developments in the field of nanocomposite coatings with examples and their applications. Additionally, some of the applications of the PEO coatings have been demonstrated. Moreover, the significance of the PEO process, its current trends, and its scope of future work are highlighted.

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Process-Processing, Properties, and Applications.

This paper reviews the present understanding of electrolytic plasma processes (EPPs) and approaches to their modelling. Based on the EPP type, characteristics and classification, it presents a generalised phenomenological model as the most appropriate one from the process diagnostics and control point of view. The model describes the system ‘power supply–electrolyser–electrode surface’ as a system with lumped parameters characterising integral properties of the surface layer and integral parameters of the EPP. The complexity of EPPs does not allow the drawing of a set of differential equations describing the treatment, although a model can be formalised for a particular process as a black box regression. Evaluation of dynamic properties reveals the multiscale nature of electrolytic plasma processes, which can be described by three time constants separated by 2–3 orders of magnitude (minutes, seconds and milliseconds), corresponding to different groups of characteristics in the model. Further developments based on the phenomenological approach and providing deeper insights into EPPs are proposed using frequency response methodology and electromagnetic field modelling. Examples demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed approach are supplied for EPP modelling with static and dynamic neural networks, frequency response evaluations and electromagnetic field calculations.

/pdf/towards-smart-electrolytic-plasma-technologies-an-overview-26bnmjjrx0.pdf

Towards smart electrolytic plasma technologies: An overview of methodological approaches to process modelling

A dense inner layer is highly valued among the surface coatings created through plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment, because the PEO coating has been troubled by inherent porosity since its conception. To produce the favored structure, a proven technique is to prompt a soft sparking transition, which involves a sudden decrease in light and acoustic emissions, and a drop in anodic voltage under controlled current mode. Typically these phenomena occur in an electrolyte of sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide, when an Al-based sample is oxidized with an AC or DC (alternating or direct current) pulse current preset with the cathodic current exceeding the anodic counterpart. The dense inner layer feature is pronounced if a sufficient amount of oxide has been amassed on the surface before the transition begins. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to understand soft sparking at the metal–oxide–electrolyte interface. Studies on aluminum alloys reveal that the dense inner layer requires plasma softening to avoid discharge damages while maintaining a sufficient growth rate, a porous top layer to retain heat for sintering the amassed oxide, and proper timing to initiate the transition and end the surface processing after transition. Despite our understanding, efforts to replicate this structural feature in Mg- and Ti-based alloys have not been very successful. The soft sparking phenomena can be reproduced, but the acquired structures are inferior to those on aluminum alloys. An analogous quality of the dense inner layer is only achieved on Mg- and Ti-based alloys with aluminate anion in the electrolytic solution and a suitable cathodic current. These facts point out that the current soft sparking knowledge on Mg- and Ti-based alloys is insufficient. The superior inner layer on the two alloys still relies on rectification and densification of aluminum oxide.

Review of the Soft Sparking Issues in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation

Energy-efficient PEO process of aluminium alloys

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Energy-efficient PEO process of aluminium alloys