The article describes the recent data dealing with the fatty acid content in cow, goat, and sheep milk. A large body of evidence demonstrates that fatty acid profile in goat and sheep milk was similar to that of cow milk. Palmitic acid was the most abundant in milk. Goat milk had the highest C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 content. Sheep milk was the richest source of conjugated linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Ewe’s milk had lower value of n-6/n-3 then goat and cow milk.

/pdf/fatty-acid-profile-of-milk-a-review-2e80c8fo62.pdf

Fatty acid profile of milk - a review

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of milk yield and stage of lactation on the activity of liver enzymes, cholesterol, and vitamin C concentration in blood of milking cows. The experi- ment was carried out on Polish Holstein-Friesian Black and White dairy cows with two different milk yield levels: M - medium (about 7000 kg per lactation) and H - high (about 10 000 kg per lactation). In blood serum, AST, ALT, GGT, CHOL, and vitamin C were estimated. The AST and ALT activities in the blood serum were lower in M group than in H group, however within M and H groups there were no differences in both aminotransferases activity between the 60 th and the 200 th day of lactation. Differences in GGT activity (P ≤ 0.01), CHOL (P ≤ 0.05), and vitamin C level (P ≤ 0.01) in blood serum were found between both stages of lactation. Negative correlations between vitamin C level with somatic cell count and milk yield traits were observed, that may indicate an increase in oxidative processes in high-yielding dairy cows. The achieved results may be used in diagnostics and/or evaluation of herds from the point of view of biochemical and pathophysiological processes.

/pdf/relationship-between-milk-yield-stage-of-lactation-and-some-rm3jisyel6.pdf

Relationship between milk yield, stage of lactation, and some blood serum metabolic parameters of dairy cows.

Free radicals are natural final products of the intensive metabolism in cells located in organism high-yielding dairy cows. When the disturbing of homeostasis occurs, oxidative processes lead to oxidative stress which in high-yielding dairy cows cause inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis). The inflammation can cause the reduction of milk yield and unfavourable changes in the milk composition, e.g. reduction in fat, casein proteins and calcium content with a simultaneous increase in the concentration of whey proteins, sodium and chlorine. Moreover, the activity of enzymes such a lipases, proteases, peroxides and the plasminogen in milk increases, negatively affecting its technological properties. In dairy cows the oxidative stress is associated with retaining placenta after calving and disrupting the activity of the corpus luteum, what affect the reproductive functions. The active immune response to inflammation leads to an increase in the secretion of other molecules having an adverse effect on embryo survival.

Relations between the oxidative status, mastitis, milk quality and disorders of reproductive functions in dairy cows - a review.

The results of studies conducted so far in the field of supplementing Se deficiency in cow and goat diets demonstrate unequivocally the positive influence of supplements used on the improvement of the health status of animals and an important increase in the concentration of this microelement in the obtained milk. The positive influence on health is reflected in the increased antioxidative status and immunological potential of these animals, in the reduced risk of mastitis, in the improvement of reproductive rate and increased Se transfer to cow foetus. The best results are obtained when the diet is supplemented with selenium yeast. The improvement in animal Se supply also has a positive influence on the increase of antioxidative properties of milk and meat. Further research in the field is necessary, connected among others with determining the relationship between the concentration of Se and antagonistic elements as well as vitamin E.

The effect of selenium supplementation to the diet of dairy cows and goats on production traits and animal health - a review.

Despite being a plant by-product, chokeberry pomace is believed to exert some therapeutic effects because it is one of the richest sources of highly bioavailable non-enzymatic antioxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the functionality of bioactive compounds present in the Aronia melanocarpa pomace (chokeberry) based on enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters related to the active defence of liver and blood against the effects of oxidative stress. The experiment was conducted with 48 lambs of two breeds—Polish Merino and Wrzosowka. Experimental groups were administered the basic feed with the addition of 150 g or 300 g of black chokeberry pomace per each kg of the complete feed. The activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), peptides (glutathione, glutathione disulfide), and a lipid peroxidation indicator (malondialdehyde), as well as the capacity of non-enzymatic antioxidants were investigated. The results proved a strong effect of bioactive compounds contained in the black chokeberry pomace on the estimated parameters. The inclusion of chokeberry pomace in feed mixtures brought many benefits linked with the antioxidative protection. Parameters responsible for the oxidative status were significantly modified despite the commonly-held view about a limited possibility of transferring phenolic compounds to the organs.

Chokeberry Pomace as a Determinant of Antioxidant Parameters Assayed in Blood and Liver Tissue of Polish Merino and Wrzosówka Lambs

Investigated were changes in selected redox parameters – vitamin C, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) content of goat blood plasma – as markers of oxidative stress after per os administration the N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Used were 20 Polish White Improved goats, selected from the flock of 60 animals. Within the selected goats distinguished were four groups according to somatic cell counts (SCC) of milk: group I – below 1×106, group II – 1×106-2×106, group III – 2×106-4×106 and group IV – above 4×106/ml. Concentrations of GSH, MDA and vitamin C of blood plasma were assessed just at start of the experiment and then after 7 days of daily administration of 12 mg NAC per kg body weight to goats. After 7 days of administering NAC to goats the plasma concentration of both MDA and GSH dropped and that of vitamin C increased. It is concluded that NAC administered per os increases the anti-oxidant capacity and may reduce the content of lipid peroxidation products in blood plasma of milking goats.

The oxidative status of milking goats after per os administration of N-acetylcysteine.

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The oxidative status of milking goats after per os administration of N-acetylcysteine.