Regulating ecosystem services are the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes. The multifunctional role of trees makes agroforestry interventions ideal management practices to supply a variety of regulating ecosystem services. This chapter reviews seven regulating ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, soil fertility enhancement, prevention of soil erosion, water regulation, wind regulation, pest regulation, and pollination) for which research in tropical and/or temperate regions have shown evidence that introduction of agroforestry practices on crop or pasture land can provide significant benefits. In each case, we provide a general description of the ecosystem service and evidence of whether this service increases or not by agroforestry practices and discuss the factors that affect the provision of the ecosystem service in agroforestry. We also discuss the multifunctionality with synergies and trade-offs among regulating ecosystem services and provide suggestions on how modifications of tree-based systems may increase ecosystem service provision. Generally, agroforestry increases delivery of regulating ecosystem services within the landscape, leading to increased growth and yields from crops and animals. However, there are situations where agroforestry may lead to a reduction in certain ecosystem services, leading to trade-offs. Trade-offs among regulating services and between regulating services and other ecosystem services are, for example, brought about by competition for water and other resources and increases in certain pests. We discuss how agroforestry practices can be designed in a way that reduces ecosystem service trade-offs while increasing the productivity of crops and livestock.

Regulating Ecosystem Services Delivered in Agroforestry Systems

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of Uganda’s major cash crops. It is grown by 15,000-18,000 smallholder households on an estimated 20,000 hectares. Cocoa contributes about US$65 million annually to the country’s foreign exchange earnings. On account of its perennial nature and robust vegetative growth, cocoa harbors a wide range of insect pests which affect its production. Here, we report for the first time an outbreak of the Black Coffee Twig Borer (BCTB), Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), a new pest on cocoa in Uganda. To determine its spread and impact, we surveyed 20 households in Bundibugyo, Kibaale and Hoima districts in January 2014. On each field, 10 cocoa trees were examined for BCTB infestation along a transect. Overall, more than half of the cocoa plantations, 13% of trees and 3.8% of primary branches were infested. At district level, Kibaale had the highest proportions of infested fields (100%), trees (30%) and primary branches (8.5%). The seriousness of BCTB prevalence is likely to complicate the current BCTB spray programme on coffee in the country.

/pdf/implications-of-black-coffee-twig-borer-on-cocoa-in-uganda-106xjhso7m.pdf

Implications of Black Coffee Twig Borer on cocoa in Uganda

Objectif: La relance de la filiere cafeiere suscite un regain d’interet national pour la valorisation de Canarium schweinfurthii ou « Aiele », un arbre a usage multiple dominant des agroforets de l’Ouest Cameroun. Cette etude a pour but d’evaluer la valeur accordee par les populations a ses usages dans le Departement de Bamboutos. Methodologie et Resultats: Cent-sept interviews semi-structurees ont ete menees aupres des producteurs de l’espece dans trois groupements. Des parametres ethnobotaniques ont ete calcules et compares entre groupements. Sept utilisations de l’espece ont ete recensees, les usages alimentaires (27 %), d’ombrage (23 %) et commercial (19 %) sont predominants. Les organes utilises sont les fruits, la resine, le bois, les feuilles et la graine. Les plus fortes valeurs d’usages sont obtenues dans les localites de Babete (VUt = 1,53). Les valeurs d’indice de fidelite (NF) (0-100%) obtenues temoignent de la variation du niveau de connaissance des populations pour cette espece. Conclusion et application des resultats: La presence de C. schweinfurthii dans les plantations cafeieres fournit des benefices tres importants pour l’equilibre de ce systeme a travers ses multiples usages, la diversite des produits fournis et l’importance des services offerts pour la performance du systeme. La variation du niveau de connaissance en fonction des groupements est un atout majeur pour la valorisation de l’espece a travers des echanges de savoirs et savoir-faire inter groupements et au-dela du Departement. Cependant, la degradation des cafeieres au profit des systemes essentiellement vivriers pourrait affecter negativement la representation de l’espece dans l’espace agraire de la region et par consequent la perte des differents services qu’elle offre. L’etude recommande une valorisation des produits de l’espece et une promotion de la domestication a travers des pratiques de gestion favorisant son integration dans tous les types de systemes de production agricole de la localite. Mots cles: Agroforets cafeieres, Bamboutos, Canarium schweinfurthii , Parametres ethnobotaniques, Valeur d’usage English Title: Ethnobotanical study and contribution of Canarium Schweinfurthii (Engl) (Burseraceae) to ecosystems services of coffee-based agroforests in Bamboutos subdivision, West Cameroon English Abstract Objective: The relaunching of the coffee sector is generating a renewed national interest in the valuation of Canarium schweinfurthii or « Aiele », a multipurpose tree dominating agroforestry systems in western Cameroon. This study aims to evaluate the use value of the species for the populations of the Department of Bamboutos. Methodology and Results: One hundred and seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers of the species in three villages groups. Ethnobotanical parameters were calculated and compared between groups. Seven uses categories of the species were identified, among which Food uses (27%), Shade (23%) and Commercial (19%) were predominant. The organs used are Fruits, Resin, Wood, Leaves and Kernel. The highest values of uses are obtained in the localities of Babete (VUt = 1.53). The Fidelity Index (NF) values (0-100%) obtained showed the variation in the level of knowledge among studied populations and village groups. Conclusion and application of results: Presence of C. schweinfurthii in coffee plantations provides very important benefits for the performance of this system through its multiple uses, the diversity of the products supplied, and the importance of the services provided in the system. The variation of the level of knowledge according to populations and village groupings is a major asset for the valorization of the species through exchanges of knowledge and know-how between groups and beyond the Department. However, the degradation of coffee plantations in favor of mainly food –based systems could negatively affect the representation of the species in the agrarian landscape of the region and consequently the loss of the various benefits it offers. The study recommends a valorization of the products of the species and a promotion of the domestication through management practices favoring its integration in all existing agricultural production systems found in the western highlands. Keywords: Coffee agroforests, Bamboutos, Canarium schweinfurthii , Ethnobotanical parameter, value

/pdf/etude-ethnobotanique-et-contribution-de-canarium-thzrylsy8q.pdf

Étude ethnobotanique et contribution de Canarium schweinfurthii (Engl) ( Burseraceae ) aux services écosystémiques des agroforêts à base de caféiers dans le Département de Bamboutos (Ouest, Cameroun)

The Black coffee twig borer’s (BCTB) impact on the robusta coffee production in Uganda is of major importance. A recent study showed that 69% of the coffee farms are infested by the pest of the 26 districts surveyed, with an average of 40% of the coffee plants being attacked. The national yield loss is estimated to be 9% because of BCTB.
In this survey farmers, extension officers and researchers were interviewed to compare the knowledge accumulated of BCTB on local, district and national levels and to discuss the management methods of the pest. Since the coffee plants are largely grown using agroforestry methods the utilization of shade trees is both common and recommended. A field study was conducted in the two districts in Central Uganda to investigate if shade trees can be potential hosts to the beetle. In this particular thesis the relationship between the BCTB and the promoted leguminous tree, Albizia chinensis, was examined. Although A. chinensis is recommended to be intercropped with coffee, it has been found to be an alternative host to the BCTB.
The results from the interviews show the different levels of knowledge accumulated by the groups considering the BCTB. The farmers experienced an increased infestation levels of BCTB over the last few years and estimated their yield loss to range between 20-75% because of the pest. The estimation by the officers were lower (5-50%) and two officers believed the infestation levels to be declining. The cutting down of shade trees wasn’t recommended by any officer or researcher, however, four farmers cut down shade trees in order to decrease the levels of BCTB. There may be more cases though, since eleven farmers didn’t give any reason to why they chose to cut down their trees. A. chinensis was mentioned to be a host to BCTB by one researcher and one officer, but the same researcher still recommended it for certain areas. Only one more officer recommended A. chinensis to be intercropped with coffee. The results from our field study showed no significant relationship between presence and abundance of this tree and BCTB attack rates. None of the farmers who had A. chinensis seemed to know the potential the tree inhabits as host to BCTB. The issue thus remain to be further investigated and include to what extent A. chinensis can be recommended.
This study gives indications on what can be done to further improve the sit-uation for the coffee farmers in the two districts surveyed.

Infestation and management of the black coffee twig borer in Uganda

Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one main pest in coffee plant which damages the branches. Each Robusta coffee clones has unique genetical, physiological, and morphological characteristics, thus presumably has different resistance levels to X. Compactus. This study aimed to determine the attack intensity of X. compactus on four Robusta coffee clones (SA 237, BP 308, BP 358 and RBGN 371) in the field. The research was conducted at Pakuwon Experimental Station and Integrated Laboratory of the Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from September to Desember 2016. Three years old Robusta coffee plants of SA 237, BP 308, BP 358, and RBGN 371 clones were used, with 2.5 m x 2.5 m spacing and Gliricidia sepium, Musa paradisiaca, and Aleurites trisperma as shading plants. Variables observed were the attack symptoms in the hole, the insects stadia, the hole diameter, number and length of eggs, number and length of larvae, length and width of X. compactus imago, the attack symptoms and intensity. Moreover, sunlight intensity and water content of coffee branch was also observed as supportiing data. Data were analyzed by anova of completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments of coffee clones and 6 replications. The results showed that attack of X. compactus was occurred at the branch of coffee plant, which potentially causing crops damage. Of the four Robusta coffee clones observed showed that the highest attack intensity and number of holes occurred in SA 237 clone, and the lowest in RBGN 371 clone.

https://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/bultri/article/download/7258/6886

Attack Intensity of Twig Borer Xylosandrus Compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Four Robusta Coffee Clones

Studies were conducted to determine spatial distribution and effects of shade systems on Xylosandrus compactus infestation on coffee. Number of twigs varied significantly (p<.0001) within canopy portions with the highest (17.7±6.1) in upper and least (9.1±4.6) in lower portions. Percentage of infested twigs and number of X. compactus entry holes varied significantly (P<.0001) within canopy and along twigs respectively. The highest percentage of infested twigs (10.7±15.9%) was in the middle whereas, the lowest (3.2±7.2%) in upper portion. The highest number of entry holes (0.9±0.7) was on basal and the lowest (0.3±0.6) on tip section of twigs. Tunneling by X. compactus was neither inclined towards base nor the tips of twigs. Percentage canopy cover varied significantly (P=0.0276) across shade tree species; with highest (60.0±26.5%) on jackfruit tree and the lowest (11.7±7.6%) on Chinese silk tree.  Percentage of infested trees and twigs varied but not significantly (P<0.05) across shade categories and tree species. Coffee under full shade had the highest percentage of infested trees (70.8±27.8%) and twigs (14.8±18.3%); whereas, coffee under full sun registered the lowest (45.8±17.3 and 5.7±9.1% respectively). However, ANCOVA showed that shade and percentage canopy cover of Albizia, jackfruit and mango tree species had a significant (at P<0.05) positive influence on X. compactus infestation. The highest percentage of infested trees (77.8%) and twigs (15.7%) were observed on coffee under Ficus natalensis ; whereas coffee under Maesopsis eminii had the lowest (44.4% and 1.5% respectively). These studies provided vital preliminary ecological information for designing and implementing appropriate management strategies for X. compactus. Key words : Black-coffee-twig-borer, coffee-tree-canopy, damage, shade-tree-systems,  Xylosandrouscompactus

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ujas/article/download/126232/115755

Influence of shade systems on spatial distribution and infestation of the Black Coffee Twig Borer on coffee in Uganda

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Influence of shade systems on spatial distribution and infestation of the Black Coffee Twig Borer on coffee in Uganda