http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/18410722/1_s2.0_S0268005X15000703_main.pdf

The effect of ultrasound treatment on the structural, physical and emulsifying properties of animal and vegetable proteins

Live cell manipulation is an important biotechnological tool for cellular and tissue level bioengineering applications due to its capacity for guiding cells for separation, isolation, concentration, and patterning. Magnetic force-based cell manipulation methods offer several advantages, such as low adverse effects on cell viability and low interference with the cellular environment. Furthermore, magnetic-based operations can be readily combined with microfluidic principles by precisely allowing control over the spatiotemporal distribution of physical and chemical factors for cell manipulation. In this review, we present recent applications of magnetic force-based cell manipulation in cellular and tissue bioengineering with an emphasis on applications with microfluidic components. Following an introduction of the theoretical background of magnetic manipulation, components of magnetic force-based cell manipulation systems are described. Thereafter, different applications, including separation of certain cell fractions, enrichment of rare cells, and guidance of cells into specific macro- or micro-arrangements to mimic natural cell organization and function, are explained. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and limitations of magnetic cell manipulation technologies in microfluidic devices with an outlook on future developments in the field.

Magnetic Force-Based Microfluidic Techniques for Cellular and Tissue Bioengineering.

The combination of ultrasound and heat (thermoultrasound) is an emerging food preservation technique that retains higher quantities of bioactive components compared with current thermal pasteurization practice, but has not yet been assessed for pasteurizing human milk. Artificially contaminated human milk samples were treated with ultrasound (20 kHz, 150 watts) with and without heating. The retention of four human milk proteins was quantified by biochemical assay and laser scattering particle sizing was used to determine the extent of homogenization. While ultrasonic treatment was effective at inactivating Escherichia coli (D4 degrees C=5.94 min), Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited resistance (D4 degrees C=16.01 min). Thermoultrasonic treatment was considerably more effective (Esch. coli D45 degrees C=1.74 min, D50 degrees C=0.89 min; Staph. epidermidis D45 degrees C=2.08 min, D50 degrees C=0.94 minutes) with a predicted retention (2.8 min treatment, 50 degrees C) of secretory IgA lysozyme, lactoferrin and bile salt stimulated lipase of 91, 80, 77, and 45%, respectively. Homogenization of the milk samples occurred after 5 min and 2 min of ultrasonic and thermoultrasonic treatment, respectively. Thermoultrasonic treatment is an effective method for pasteurizing donor human milk and retaining a greater proportion of bioactive components compared with current practices. However, further studies are required to assess the practicality of applying this technique routinely to donor human milk.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022029909990483

Simultaneous pasteurization and homogenization of human milk by combining heat and ultrasound: effect on milk quality.

Abstract The ultrasonic effect on the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of three animal proteins, bovine gelatin (BG), fish gelatin (FG) and egg white protein (EWP), and three vegetable proteins, pea protein isolate (PPI), soy protein isolate (SPI) and rice protein isolate (RPI), was investigated. Protein solutions (0.1–10 wt.%) were sonicated at an acoustic intensity of ∼34 W cm−2 for 2 min. The structural and physical properties of the proteins were probed in terms of changes in size, hydrodynamic volume and molecular structure using DLS and SLS, intrinsic viscosity and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The emulsifying performance of ultrasound treated animal and vegetable proteins were compared to their untreated counterparts and Brij 97. Ultrasound treatment reduced the size of all proteins, with the exception of RPI, and no reduction in the primary structure molecular weight profile of proteins was observed in all cases. Emulsions prepared with all untreated proteins yielded submicron droplets at concentrations ≤1 wt.%, whilst at concentrations >5 wt.% emulsions prepared with EWP, SPI and RPI yielded micron sized droplets (>10 μm) due to pressure denaturation of protein from homogenisation. Emulsions produced with sonicated FG, SPI and RPI had the similar droplet sizes as untreated proteins at the same concentrations, whilst sonicated BG, EWP and PPI emulsions at concentrations ≤1 wt.% had a smaller droplet size compared to emulsions prepared with their untreated counterparts. This effect was consistent with the observed reduction in the interfacial tension between these untreated and ultrasound treated proteins.

Recent research has demonstrated that brain circulation abnormalities, either during task-induced neural activity or at rest, are more commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than was previously thought. This is consistent with the increasing attention to the early involvement of vascular risk factors in the development of AD, in addition to the dominating neurodegenerative pathology. Early detection of cerebral perfusion changes could help advance diagnosis and intervention therapies. The present article reviews advances in perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in the study of AD. In general, there are consistent accounts of cerebral hypoperfusion in the temporal and parietal lobes in people with clinically diagnosed AD. In the early stages of the disease, transient hyperperfusion may occur particularly in the prefrontal cortex, possibly as a compensatory effect. Nevertheless, significant variability in the details of perfusion patterns is present in the early phases, making the use of these methods in early diagnosis difficult. Noninvasive perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging methods have advantages over nuclear medicine imaging, especially for safe usage in long-term follow-up studies. Optimization of perfusion-weighted imaging techniques is crucial for any future clinical application. Additional studies are needed with optimization likely to come with 3T and higher field strength magnets.

/pdf/advances-in-perfusion-magnetic-resonance-imaging-in-1z1izjkq7a.pdf

Advances in perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease

Optical methods have many advantages over other measuring methods. They are non-invasive, quick to observe highly transient phenomena and have a high spatial and temporal resolution. Furthermore during measurement with most optical methods it is possible to visualize directly (on-line) the processes in the test section. The intention of this chapter is to serve as a guide as to selection of the best suitable technique for a given problem. Three tables, where the techniques discussed in this book are summarized for their capabilities and the approximate cost range for the required equipment, provide a base for the techniques selected. Since for most optical techniques the systems rely heavily on the light source, i.e. in most cases the laser, an additional table is provided giving an overview of the lasers currently available commercially as well as their main characteristic features.

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