The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) denotes a trend where a large
number of embedded devices employ communication services offered by
Internet protocols. Many of these devices, often called "smart
objects", are not directly operated by humans but exist as components
in buildings or vehicles, or are spread out in the environment.
Following the theme "Everything that can be connected will be
connected", engineers and researchers designing smart object networks
need to decide how to achieve this in practice. This document offers
guidance to engineers designing Internet- connected smart objects.

/pdf/architectural-considerations-in-smart-object-networking-1bz752tj34.pdf

Architectural Considerations in Smart Object Networking

The emergence of software platforms and internet-like end-to-end architectures in mobile communications systems, as well as the expected breakthrough of a range of alternative wireless network technologies, are causing intense pressure on the dominant technological and business set-up in the mobile industry. A strong current in business and academic literature is arguing that the 'open and modular' internet architectures will (or should) wipe away the current 'closed and integrated' telecommunications architectures. It is often implied that, as a result, (mainly US-based) internet and IT firms are bound to make significant inroads into the telecommunications market. By contrast, others anticipate that the advantages in terms of quality and security offered by integrated telecommunications architectures will allow mobile operators to dominate the mobile internet and to capture a major share of all service revenues in this context. In this PhD thesis, it is hypothesised that there is no automatic mirroring between technical modularity and market unbundling, and that, instead of relying on any outright 'open' or 'closed' strategy, the mobile industry is increasingly bound to employ 'open but not open' platform business models, in order to combine advantages of diversity and complementarity with advantages of control and coordination. A business model is redefined as the 'architecture' of a specific business, i.e. the way in which control and value parameters are balanced within a network of collaborating firms. This approach aims to contribute to the revitalisation of the political economy of ICT (re)design, which stresses that control configurations, power relationships and different forms of bias pervade technological architectures, and that they profoundly influence the individual, societal and economic value generated through these architectures. On the basis of a range of real-life cases as well as two series of in-depth interviews with decision makers and strategists in the European mobile industry, a number of strategically viable business models are identified, and the implications for the set-up of mobile communications are outlined.

Control and Value in Mobile Communications: A Political Economy of the Reconfiguration of Business Models in the European Mobile Industry

The end-to-end argument was first put forward in the early 1980s as a core design principle of the Internet. The argument, as framed then, remains relevant and powerful: the fundamental architecture of the Internet endures, despite change in both underlying technologies and in applications. Nevertheless, the evolution of the Internet also shows the limits of foresight, and we now see that the Internet, the applications that run on top of the Internet, and the interpretation of the end-to-end argument itself have all greatly evolved.This paper concerns the evolution in thinking around the end-to-end argument, the design principles for modern Internet applications, and what the end-to-end argument has to do with application structure. We argue that while the literal reading of the early end-to-end argument does not directly offer guidance about the design of distributed applications and network services, there is a useful interpretation of the end-to-end argument that both informs the thinking about application design, and gives as well a perspective on the end-to-end argument in general that is valid in today’s world.

The End-to-End Argument and Application Design: The Role of Trust

With the rapid digitalisation of the economy, cross-border data flows have become essential for the functioning of different sectors of the economy, including the digital services industry. However, governments often restrict cross-border flows through various laws, regulations, policies and administrative measures (or ‘data-restrictive measures’) to achieve internet-related policy objectives such as regulating online content, protecting online privacy of internet users, and cybersecurity protection. These measures typically interfere with the architecture of the internet and the technical protocols/designs of digital services, resulting in economically and technologically inefficient outcomes. Further, as data-restrictive measures constrain cross-border supply of digital services, they constitute trade barriers, and therefore may violate provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (‘GATS’) of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’). This thesis investigates how GATS applies to data-restrictive measures and whether its rules can balance trade and internet policy objectives. It first highlights the complementary relationship of the three fundamental principles of internet governance applicable to cross-border data flows, namely internet openness, privacy and security. It then proposes a theoretical framework whereby GATS can be aligned with these three principles to support both an open and predictable framework for digital trade and robust internet policies. The thesis applies this framework to three common types of datarestrictive measures, namely online content regulation measures, privacy-related datarestrictive measures, and cybersecurity-related data-restrictive measures. This thesis finds that GATS can be thoughtfully applied and interpreted to align with principles of internet openness, privacy and security. For example, commitments of Members in their GATS Schedules of Commitments can be interpreted in a technologically neutral manner to facilitate both trade liberalisation and internet openness. Further, GATS obligations on non-discrimination, domestic regulation and market access (subject to Members’ relevant commitments and exemptions) generally facilitate an open market for cross-border data flows, thereby supporting internet openness. Finally, under GATS exceptions, Panels can distinguish protectionist datarestrictive measures disguised as cybersecurity/privacy/content regulation measures from measures genuinely necessary to achieve these objectives. To conduct a holistic assessment of data-restrictive measures under GATS, Panels should use both legal and technical evidence, including relying on internet technical and policy expertise. However, the extent to which GATS aligns with the principles of internet openness, privacy and security is constrained by the lack of multilateral consensus on internet policy issues and the somewhat outdated architecture of GATS. Therefore, in addition to interpreting existing GATS provisions more meaningfully, this thesis proposes a multipronged approach to further strengthen alignment of GATS with internet openness, privacy and security. This approach requires: meaningful use of GATS provisions on transparency and mutual recognition; introducing reforms in WTO law to incorporate relevant disciplines on cross-border data flows; and exploring options outside traditional multilateral mechanisms including developing a non-binding WTO declaration on data flows and facilitating stronger regulatory cooperation on data governance in relevant international/transnational institutions. This thesis concludes that although international trade agreements such as GATS cannot resolve all challenges pertaining to data flows, they can and should play a more proactive role in balancing trade and internet policy objectives.

When data flows across borders: Aligning international trade law with internet policy objectives

The IPv6 protocol includes a flow label in every packet header, but
this field is not used in practice. This paper describes the flow
label standard and discusses the implementation issues that it raises.
It then describes various published proposals for using the flow
label, and shows that most of them are inconsistent with the standard.
Methods to address this problem are briefly reviewed. We also question
whether the standard should be revised.

Survey of Proposed Use Cases for the IPv6 Flow Label

The end-to-end principle is the core architectural guideline of the Internet. In this document, we briefly examine the development of the end-to-end principle as it has been applied to the Internet architecture over the years. We discuss current trends in the evolution of the Internet architecture in relation to the end-to-end principle, and try to draw some conclusion about the evolution of the end-to-end principle, and thus for the Internet architecture which it supports, in light of these current trends.

The Rise of the Middle and the Future of End-to-End: Reflections on the Evolution of the Internet Architecture

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The Rise of the Middle and the Future of End-to-End: Reflections on the Evolution of the Internet Architecture