▪ Abstract We review empirical and conceptual developments over the past four years (1992–1995) on attitudes and persuasion. A voluminous amount of material was produced concerning attitude structure, attitude change, and the consequences of holding attitudes. In the structure area, particular attention is paid to work on attitude accessiblity, ambivalence, and the affective versus cognitive bases of attitudes. In persuasion, our review examines research that has focused on high effort cognitive processes (central route), low effort processes (peripheral route), and the multiple roles by which variables can have an impact on attitudes. Special emphasis is given to work on cognitive dissonance and other biases in message processing, and on the multiple processes by which mood influences evaluations. Work on the consequences of attitudes focuses on the impact of attitudes on behavior and social judgments.

Attitudes and attitude change

When an attitude changes from A1 to A2, what happens to A1? Most theories assume, at least implicitly, that the new attitude replaces the former one. The authors argue that a new attitude can override, but not replace, the old one, resulting in dual attitudes. Dual attitudes are defined as different evaluations of the same attitude object: an automatic, implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The attitude that people endorse depends on whether they have the cognitive capacity to retrieve the explicit attitude and whether this overrides their implicit attitude. A number of literatures consistent with these hypotheses are reviewed, and the implications of the dual-attitude model for attitude theory and measurement are discussed. For example, by including only explicit measures, previous studies may have exaggerated the ease with which people change their attitudes. Even if an explicit attitude changes, an implicit attitude can remain the same.

A model of dual attitudes.

This text uses concepts and tools to illuminate the processes by which individuals, groups and societies evolve and change in a systemic, self- sustaining manner, at times seemingly independent of external influence. Readers can learn how the approach facilitates predictions and insights into such social psychological phenomena as attitudes, social judgement, goal-directed behaviour, attraction and relationships. Featuring charts and figures derived from research and computer simulations, the volume contains classic and contemporary theories of social psychology.

Dynamical Social Psychology

We argue that recent work in connectionist modeling, in particular the parallel constraint satisfaction processes that are central to many of these models, has great importance for understanding issues of both historical and current concern for social psychologists. We first provide a brief description of connectionist modeling, with particular emphasis on parallel constraint satisfaction processes. Second, we examine the tremendous similarities between parallel constraint satisfaction processes and the Gestalt principles that were the foundation for much of modern social psychology. We propose that parallel constraint satisfaction processes provide a computational implementation of the principles of Gestalt psychology that were central to the work of such seminal social psychologists as Asch, Festinger, Heider, and Lewin. Third, we then describe how parallel constraint satisfaction processes have been applied to three areas that were key to the beginnings of modern social psychology and remain central to...

Connectionism, Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Processes, and Gestalt Principles: (Re)Introducing Cognitive Dynamics to Social Psychology

The authors propose a theoretical model of individual psychological reactions to perceived stigma. This model suggests that 2 psychological systems may be involved in reactions to stigma across a variety of social contexts. One system is primarily reflexive, or associative, whereas the other is rule based, or reflective. This model assumes a temporal pattern of reactions to the stigmatized, such that initial reactions are governed by the reflexive system, whereas subsequent reactions or "adjustments" are governed by the rule-based system. Support for this model was found in 2 studies. Both studies examined participants' moment-by-moment approach-avoidance reactions to the stigmatized. The 1st involved participants' reactions to persons with HIV/AIDS, and the 2nd, participants' reactions to 15 different stigmatizing conditions.

A dual-process model of reactions to perceived stigma.

Ss expressed their moment-to-moment feelings about a target on a computer screen. In the 1 st study, the target was a positive, negative, or mixed-valence acquaintance; in the 2nd study, the target was a liked versus disliked acquaintance who committed a positive versus negative act. Several dynamic measures were derived from the positioning of the cursor (sampled 10 times per second) over a 2min period. The dimension of the structure underlying the observed dynamics was also assessed. Both sets of measures varied meaningfully across targets (e.g., feelings changed at a relatively fast and unstable rate for mixed-valence targets) and were correlated with self-report measures (e.g., instability in rate of movement was associated with self-reported uncertainty in feelings). Discussion centers on the viability and usefulness of framing social judgment in terms of dynamical systems concepts and principles. Social judgment is a broad category, encompassing such distinct phenomena as causal attribution, impression formation, prejudice, and moral evaluation (cf. Eiser, 1990; Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Zebrowitz, 1990). Although each of these judgmental phenomena is associated with its own purported cognitive and emotional processes, collectively they share a critical assumption concerning stability and the basis for change in the output of their respective processes. The assumption is that once a judgment is formed, it is stable unless it is updated by new information or challenged by social influence. By implication, if a person experienced neither pressure nor new information, and if measurement error could be eliminated by directly accessing the contents of the person's mind, the person's summary judgment concerning a target would stand still and could be characterized as a single point on an appropriately labeled scale. Our aim in this article is to provide support for a different perspective on the nature of stability and change in social judgment. In particular, we suggest that under some conditions the output of social judgment is inherently dynamic rather than stable. The dynamics of judgment, moreover, are generated by internal mechanisms—specifically, the interaction of elements in the judgment system—and thus can occur in the absence of ex

Intrinsic Dynamics of Social Judgment

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Intrinsic Dynamics of Social Judgment