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This chapter presents a synthesis of recent advances made in bioarchaeology, an emerging discipline that emphasizes the human biological component of the archaeological record. The chapter presents an examination of the impact of economy and behavior on skeletal and dental tissues. Skeletal and dental tissues are remarkably sensitive to the environment. Such factors as diet, disease, population size and mobility, physical exercise, and work leave indelible marks on these tissues. The chapter describes the means by which skeletal remains have been and can be used for understanding processes that underlie human behavior. It also explores the impact of different lifeways on the skeleton with reference to nonpathological and pathological changes in articular joints, bone form and function, and the nature of skeletal and dental changes in light of the use of the jaws and teeth in both masticatory and non-masticatory roles.

6 – Bioarchaeological Interpretations of Subsistence Economy and Behavior from Human Skeletal Remains

http://dc.uthsc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=dissertations

Influence of tooth crown size on malocclusion

Craniofacial and dentofacial development in pigs fed soft and hard diets.

The effects of training and exercise on the strength and endurance of limb muscles has been investigated extensively, but the response of the jaw muscles to exercise remains poorly known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether short-term isometric training increases strength and endurance of the superficial masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Maximum and submaximum voluntary bite forces and corresponding electromyographic (EMG) activity were measured in 28 young adults, randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise (control) groups. Subjects in the exercise group performed isometric clenches against a soft maxillary splint for five 1-min sessions per day over a 6-week period. After exercise, subjects increased their maximum bite forces by 37%, but control subjects' bite forces also increased by 25%. After exercise, EMG levels per unit of bite force generally decreased, but similar decreases were also seen in the non-exercised controls. Masseter muscle activity levels during standardized 10-kg bites decreased after 6 weeks of exercise. Fatigue resistance increased significantly with exercise but did not differ significantly from control values after 6 weeks of exercise. The results of this study indicate that increases in maximum bite force can be easily produced with training, but that actual strengthening of the jaw muscles is more difficult to achieve.

The effects of isometric exercise on maximum voluntary bite forces and jaw muscle strength and endurance.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of oral habits among 7-10 year-old children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Design: An epidemiological survey of randomly selected school children. Criteria for social class was based on registrar general's social class. 
Setting: Primary schools from different parts of Ibadan city, Nigeria. 
Subjects: 493 school children aged 7-10 years consisting of 237(48.1%) boys and 256 (51.9%) girls. 
Main outcome measures: Only children still actively involved in oral habits were coded positive. 
Results: In all, 49 (9.9%) of the children were involved in one type of oral habit or the other with digit sucking being most prevalent 40(8.1%). Lip sucking was observed in 6(1.2%) while 1(0.2%) had an unusual sucking habit - sucking of left forearm with resultant severe anterior open bite (10 mm). The relationship between the oral habits anterior open-bite and increased overjets were very significant statistically (p 
Conclusion: Oral habits especially digit sucking needing management was revealed by this study and none of them had been to a dentist for help. This suggests that there is need to intensify oral health education in our environment, targeted at both parents and school children to enable them benefit from interceptive orthodontic care which has numerous advantages. East African Medical Journal Vol.81(1) 2004:16-21

/pdf/oral-habits-among-7-10-year-old-school-children-in-ibadan-3sc2h9yxsn.pdf

Oral habits among 7-10 year-old school children in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The prevalence of malocclusion is considered in three social classes categorized on the basis of income, in a North Indian population.

Epidemiological survey of occlusion in North India.

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Epidemiological survey of occlusion in North India.