The Compact LInear Collider (CLIC) study at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is developing the design of a 3 TeV ee linear collider. The discovery reach of this machine depends on obtaining a luminosity of 10 cms, which will be done by colliding beams with transverse spot sizes in the nanometre range (≈ 60 × 0.7 nm). Tolerances on fast mechanical stability of the focusing quadrupoles reach the 0.2 nm level. The serious concern of magnet stabilization for future linear colliders has been addressed by building a CERN test stand on magnet stability, bringing together state-of-the-art stabilization technology, latest equipment for vibration measurements and realistic magnet prototypes. For the first time an accelerator magnet was successfully stabilized to the sub-nanometre level, reducing its vibrations level by one order of magnitude with respect to the supporting ground. The best measurements indicate transverse RMS vibration amplitudes (above 4 Hz) of (0.79±0.08) nm horizontally and (0.43±0.04) nm vertically, maintained to a maximum of less than (1.47±0.15) nm and (1.00±0.10) nm, respectively, over a period of several days. Detailed simulations of time-dependent luminosity, which use a model for magnet displacements based on measured vibration spectra, show that approximately 70% of the CLIC goal luminosity can be achieved with the demonstrated performance in the CERN test stand. This indicates the basic feasibility of colliding nanometre-size beams in CLIC. Geneva, Switzerland 1 June 2004 PhD thesis presented at the University of Lausanne (CH), High Energy Physics Institute (IPHE), in December 2003. Work was carried out at CERN from January 2001 to December 2003, in the framework of the CLIC Stability Study Team.

Stabilization of Nanometre-Size Particle Beams in the Final Focus System of the Compact LInear Collider (CLIC)

The SINBAD (Short INnovative Bunches and Accelerators at DESY) project is a dedicated, long-term accelerator research and development (R&D) facility currently under construction at the DESY Hamburg campus, aiming to provide an infrastructure for developing several types of novel high-gradient accelerators. The research presented in this thesis addresses the design of the magnetic lattice as well as the modeling and simulations of ultra-short electron bunch generation at the ARES (Accelerator Research Experiment at SINBAD) linac, which is the core of the SINBAD facility. In order to meet the requirements of the high-gradient accelerators, the ARES linac was optimized to provide ~100 MeV, low charge (0.5 to 30 picocoulombs) and ultra-short electron bunches (sub-femtosecond to dozens of femtoseconds) with ultra-small spot sizes (less than a few micrometers) and excellent timing stability (rms bunch arrival-time jitter < 10 femtoseconds). As one of the research branches, the generation of a train of dozens-of-femtosecond-long electron bunches with terahertz repetition rate was experimentally investigated at the SPARC_LAB test facility. A novel method was proposed to simultaneously measure the relative misalignments of the individual electron bunches in both planes, which is beyond the reach of up-to-date beam position monitors. 
Das SINBAD (Short INnovative Bunches and Accelerators at DESY) Projekt ist eine dedizierte Einrichtung fur langfristige Beschleunigerforschung und -entwicklung (Accelerator R&D). Sie wird derzeit mit dem Ziel Infrastruktur zur Entwicklung mehrerer neuartiger Hochgradientenbeschleuniger bereit zu stellen am DESY in Hamburg gebaut. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Untersuchungen befassen sich mit dem Entwurf des magnetischen Lattice, sowie der Modellierung und Simulation der Erzeugung von ultrakurzen Elektronenbunchen mit Hilfe des ARES (Accelerator Research Experiment at SINBAD) Linacs, welcher Kern der SINBAD Anlage ist. Um den Anforderungen der Hochgradientenbeschleuniger gerecht zu werden, wurde der ARES Linac optimiert, um ~100 MeV, niedrige Ladung (0,5 bis 30 Picocoulombs) und ultrakurze Elektronenbunche (Subfemtosekunden bis Dutzenden Femtosekunden) mit ultrakleine Punktgrosen (weniger als ein paar Mikrometer) und hervorragender Timing- Stabilitat (RMS-Ankunftszeit-Jitter <10 Femtosekunden) bereitstellen zu konnen. Als einer der Forschungszweige wurde in der SPARC_LAB-Testanlage die Erzeugung eines Zuges von 10 Femtosekunden langen Elektronenbunchen mit Terahertz- Wiederholungsrate experimentell untersucht. Hierbei wurde ein neuartiges Verfahren vorgeschlagen, um die relative Fehlausrichtungen einzelner Elektronenbunche gleichzeitig in beiden Ebenen messen zu konnen, was mit aktuellen Strahlpositionsmonitoren nicht ohne Weiteres moglich ware.

Design Study for Generating Sub-femtosecond to Femtosecond Electron Bunches for Advanced Accelerator Development at SINBAD

Particle accelerators of higher and higher energy and intensity are required, as the investigation of subatomic matter needs to be pursued with higher and higher resolving power. To keep pace with this need while keeping physical dimensions and the cost of accelerator installations affordable, ever new ideas and technologies must be devised. After a brief general introduction and a summary of accelerator physics basics, we review the main lines of development of state of the art installations recently built, in construction or on the drafting board. New physics and technology challenges they pose and main topics still open to further research and development are also outlined.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/66/6/204/pdf

Trends in high energy particle accelerators

As part of the Snowmass'21 community planning excercise, the Advanced Accelerator Concepts (AAC) community proposed future linear colliders with center-of-mass energies up to 15 TeV and luminosities up to 50$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ in a compact footprint. In addition to being compact, these machines must also be energy efficient. We identify two challenges that must be addressed in the design of these machines. First, the Beam Delivery System (BDS) must not add significant length to the accelerator complex. Second, beam parameters must be chosen to mitigate beamstrahlung effects and maximize the luminosity-per-power of the machine. In this paper, we review advances in plasma lens technology that will help to reduce the length of the BDS system and we detail new Particle-in-Cell simulation studies that will provide insight into beamstrahlung mitigation techniques. We apply our analysis to both $e^+e^-$ and $\gamma\gamma$ colliders.

pdf/beam-delivery-and-beamstrahlung-considerations-for-ultra-3iv1tvcl.pdf

Beam Delivery and Beamstrahlung Considerations for Ultra-High Energy Linear Colliders

The generation of ultrashort electron bunches with ultrasmall bunch arrival-time jitter is of vital importance for laser-plasma wakefield acceleration with external injection. We study the production of 100-MeV electron bunches with bunch durations of subfemtosecond (fs) and bunch arrival-time jitters of less than 10 fs, in an S-band photoinjector by using a weak magnetic chicane with a slit collimator. The beam dynamics inside the chicane is simulated by using two codes with different self-force models. The first code separates the self-force into a three-dimensional (3D) quasistatic space-charge model and a one-dimensional coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) model, while the other one starts from the first principle with a so-called 3D sub-bunch method. The simulations indicate that the CSR effect dominates the horizontal emittance growth and the 1D CSR model underestimates the final bunch duration and emittance because of the very large transverse-to-longitudinal aspect ratio of the sub-fs bunch. Particularly, the CSR effect is also strongly affected by the vertical bunch size. Due to the coupling between the horizontal and longitudinal phase spaces, the bunch duration at the entrance of the last dipole magnet of the chicane is still significantly longer than that at the exit of the chicane, which considerably mitigates the impact of space charge and CSR effects on the beam quality. Exploiting this effect, a bunch charge of up to 4.8 pC in a sub-fs bunch could be simulated. In addition, we analytically and numerically investigate the impact of different jitter sources on the bunch arrival-time jitter downstream of the chicane, and define the tolerance budgets assuming realistic values of the stability of the linac for different bunch charges and compression schemes.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.054401

Sub-fs electron bunch generation with sub-10-fs bunch arrival-time jitter via bunch slicing in a magnetic chicane

Final focus systems for linear colliders present many exacting challenges in beam optics, component design, and beam quality. Efforts to resolve these problems as they relate to a new generation of linear colliders are under way at several laboratories around the world. We will outline criteria for final focus systems and discuss the current state of understanding and resolution of the outstanding problems. We will discuss tolerances on alignment, field quality and stability for optical elements, and the implications for beam parameters such as emittance, energy spread, bunch length, and stability in position and energy. Beam-based correction procedures, which in principle can alleviate many of the tolerances, will be described. Preliminary results from the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) under construction at SLAC will be given. Finally, we mention conclusions from operating experience at the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC).

/pdf/final-focus-systems-for-linear-colliders-3i8jxqosx9.pdf

Final focus systems for linear colliders

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Final focus systems for linear colliders