In linear colliders preservation of the phase space density of charged particles during acceleration to high energies is essential. In practice, the electromagnetic fields which govern the beam transport may not be sufficiently well understood. This may arise, for example, from magnet and structure alignment and/or manufacturing errors, time-varying electromagnetic fields due to component vibration or imperfect regulation, or at high beam currents, from beam-induced fields. These inadequacies may be overcome using measurements of the beam response. In this report we review such methods for preserving single-bunch beam emittances with experimental results from the Stanford Linear Collider.

/pdf/emittance-preservation-in-linear-accelerators-4pw3gcwuw5.pdf

Emittance preservation in linear accelerators

The elements of microwave linear accelerators are introduced starting with the principles of acceleration and accelerating structures. Considerations for microwave structure modelling and design are developed from an elementary point of view. Basic elements of microwave electronics are described for application to the accelerator circuit and instrumentation. Concepts of beam physics are explored together with examples of common beamline instruments. Charged particle optics and lattice diagnostics are introduced. Considerations for fixed-target and colliding-beam experimentation are summarized.

/pdf/introduction-to-microwave-linacs-15bo3uf5dd.pdf

Introduction to Microwave Linacs

All next-generation linear collider designs rely heavily on beam-based alignment and emittance tuning techniques. This paper describes the different techniques proposed for the linear collider linacs and discusses some of the operational experience with the different approaches.

/pdf/brief-review-of-linear-collider-beam-based-alignment-lcc-2vevxa5l4d.pdf

Brief Review of Linear Collider Beam-Based Alignment(LCC-0129)

The transverse emittances in the SLAC Linear Collider can be severely diluted by collective wakefield effects and dispersion. For the 1997/98 SLC/SLD run important changes were implemented in the way the emittance is optimized. Early in the linac, where the energy spread is large due to BNS damping, the emittance growth is dominated by dispersion. In this regime emittance tuning bumps may introduce additional wakefield tails and their use is now avoided. At the end of the linac the energy spread is minimal and the emittance measurement is most sensitive to wakefield emittance dilution. In previous years, the emittances were tuned on wire scanners located near but not at the end of the linac (after about 90% of its length). Simulations show that emittance growth of up to 100% can occur in the remaining 10%. In this run wire scanners at the entrance of the Final Focus, the last place where the emittances can be measured, were used for the optimization. Screens at the end of the linac allow additional real time monitoring of the beam sizes. We show that the different tuning strategy provided significantly improved emittances at the interaction point of the SLC.

/pdf/improvements-in-emittance-wake-field-optimization-for-the-4abyqzxtp2.pdf

Improvements in emittance wake field optimization for the slac linear collider

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e + e − collider under development by the CLIC accelerator collaboration, hosted by CERN. The CLIC accelerator has been optimised for three energy stages at centre-of-mass energies 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV [1]. CLIC uses a novel two-beam acceleration technique, with normal-conducting accelerating structures operating in the range of 70 MV/m to 100 MV/m. The report describes recent achievements in accelerator design, technology development, system tests and beam tests. Large-scale CLIC-speciﬁc beam tests have taken place, for example, at the CLIC Test Facility CTF3 at CERN [2], at the Accelerator Test Facility ATF2 at KEK [3, 4], at the FACET facility at SLAC [5] and at the FERMI facility in Trieste [6]. Crucial experience also emanates from the expanding ﬁeld of Free Electron Laser (FEL) linacs and recent-generation light sources. Together, they demonstrate that all implications of the CLIC design parameters are well understood and reproducible in beam tests and prove that the CLIC performance goals are realistic. An alternative CLIC scenario for the ﬁrst stage, where the

The CLIC project

We report various accelerator physics studies and improvements from the 1997/98 run at the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). In particular, we discuss damping-ring lattice diagnostics, changes to the linac set up, fast control for linac rf phase stability, new emittance tuning strategies, wakefield reduction, modifications of the final-focus optics, longitudinal bunch shaping, and a novel spot-size control at the interaction point (IP). 1 DAMPING-RING LATTICE DIAGNOSTICS In 1997 the South Damping Ring (SDR) optics was characterized by an analysis of the measured orbit response matrix with the program LOCO [1]. LOCO varies the individual gradients of the quadrupoles in a computer model (such as MAD [2]) to find the gradients that best reproduce the measured orbit response data. Figure 1 compares the design optics for the SDR with the optics derived from a first statistical fit to the measured response matrices. The agreement was poor, and the 2 per degree of freedom was about 100. This plus the extreme variations in the fit model optics indicated some large systematic error. Subsequent inspection of the ring showed that the longitudinal locations of many beam-position monitors (BPMs) were not correct in the model. Once the model was updated, the LOCO calculation gave the more reasonable optics shown in Fig. 2 (left). The convergence of model-based ring orbit correction also improved.

/pdf/accelerator-physics-highlights-in-the-1997-98-slc-run-4poiz9rhpw.pdf

Accelerator physics highlights in the 1997/98 slc run

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Accelerator physics highlights in the 1997/98 slc run