Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment--a review.

The impact of air pollution on the integrity of cell membranes and chlorophyll in the lichenRamalina duriaei was studied. The lichen was transplanted from a relatively unpolluted site in Israel to a highly polluted area for a period of 10 months. The seasonal variation of the percentages of Mg as detected with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) on/in the cortical cells of the lichen was compared with changes in the chlorophyll integrity as expressed by the ratio OD 435 nm/OD 415 nm. The rate of damage of air pollution to cell membranes in the lichen was compared with the increase of S as detected on the surface of the lichen thalli retrieved from industrial sites. The present study indicates that the electric conductivity parameter reflecting the integrity of lichen cell membranes was found to express the cellular damage caused to lichen thalli transplanted to a steel smelter and to oil refineries. Symptoms of damage to cell membranes are detectable inR. duriaei long before any indication of damage becomes apparent in the photobiont chlorophyll. Magnesium seems to represent a significant leakage from intracellular sites of the thallus. The accumulation of sulfur on/in the cortical cells ofR. duriaei indicates that the biomonitoring sites at the Haifa Bay are contaminated by SO2.

The impact of air pollution on the integrity of cell membranes and chlorophyll in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (de not.) bagl. transplanted to industrial sites in Israel

The lichen, Punclelia subrudecta (Ny1.) Krog., was transplanted to 10 biomonitoring sites during the period December 1990-March 1991. the total amounts of metals (Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and A1) detected in the lichen thalli after the period of exposure, were compared with the chlorophyll degradation, amounts of sulphur, MDA concentrations and soluble protein concentrations in the same material. the MDA content was directly related to the amount of sulphur in the lichen transplanted material. A contamination index (C.I.) was calculated from the amounts of sulphur, chlorophyll-α, phaeophytin-α, and MDA.

The Influence of Air Pollution on Soluble Proteins, Chlorophyll Degradation, MDA, Sulphur and Heavy Metals in A Transplanted Lichen

Assessment of air pollution from a lignite power plant in the plain of Megalopolis (Greece) using as biomonitors three species of lichens; impacts on some biochemical parameters of lichens

A total of 2385 samples of Hypogymnia physodes were collected systematically from sites distributed over the whole country and analysed for Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Ti and Zn, chiefly for the purpose of tracing areal variations in the deposition of airborne metal elements.

A survey of element concentrations in the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes in Finland in 1985-86

The sulphur content was studied in the epiphytic lichens Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. and Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf, in the terricolous lichens Cladonia sp. and Pehigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. (inch some Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss.), and also in pine and birch bark and in the layer below the birch bark in 31 sites in Finland. Sulphur was determined by the isotope excited X-ray fluorescence method, using a semiconductor detector. The total sulphur content of the lichens appeared to depend closely upon the species and to vary considerably due to several factors. In H. physodes and P. furfuracea it had a highly significant correlation with the wet and dry sulphate deposition. In P. aphthosa (and N. arcticum) the sulphur content also correlated with the sulphate deposition. In Cladonia, however, there was no correlation between the sulphur content and the sulphate deposition, which indicates that the sulphur uptake mechanism is different in this lichen. The sulphur contents of H. physodes and P. furfuracea in different parts of Finland showed statistically significant regional variation. The microclimatic factors were considered, account being taken of the sources and chemical form of the sulphur, and the phorophyte species and their habitats.

Total sulphur contents of epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

Behavior of Li, S and Sr isotopes in the subterranean estuary and seafloor pockmarks of the Hanko submarine groundwater discharge site in Finland, northern Baltic Sea

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Total sulphur contents of epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

Behavior of Li, S and Sr isotopes in the subterranean estuary and seafloor pockmarks of the Hanko submarine groundwater discharge site in Finland, northern Baltic Sea