The extensive electrification of ship power systems has become a very appealing option for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly ships. Optimal power management and energy storage systems will have a key role in such systems as they can lead to fuel consumption reduction and increase overall ship efficiency. However, technical difficulties arising from the inherent complexity of such systems should be overcome. In this paper, the optimal operation of a ship electric power system comprising full electric propulsion and energy storage system is analyzed. An optimal power management method is proposed so that the operation cost is minimized, greenhouse gas emissions are limited and, at the same time, the associated technical and operational constraints are not violated.

Optimal Power Management With GHG Emissions Limitation in All-Electric Ship Power Systems Comprising Energy Storage Systems

In this study we compare three newly developed independent NINO3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions using data from (1) the central Pacific (corals), (2) the TexMex region of the USA (tree rings) and (3) other regions in the Tropics (corals and an ice core) which are teleconnected with central Pacific SSTs in the 20th century. Although these three reconstructions are strongly calibrated and well verified, inter-proxy comparison shows a significant weakening in inter- proxycoherenceinthe 19thcentury.Thisbreakdownin commonsignalcouldberelatedtoinsufficient data, dating errors in some of the proxy records or a breakdown in El Nino-Southern Oscillation's (ENSO's) influence on other regions. However, spectral analysis indicates that each reconstruction portraysENSO-likespectralproperties.Superposedepochanalysisalsoshowsthateachreconstruction shows a generally consistent 'El Nino-like' response to major volcanic events in the following year, while duringyearsT þ4toT þ7'La Nina-like'conditions prevail.Theseresults suggest thateachofthe series expresses ENSO-like 'behaviour', but this 'behaviour' does not appear to be spatially or temporally consistent. This result may reflect published observations that there appear to be distinct 'types' of ENSO variability depending on location within the tropical Pacific. Future work must address potential dating issues within some proxies (i.e. sampling of multiple coral heads for one location) as well as assessing the time stability of local climate relationships with central Pacific SSTs. More emphasis is needed on sampling new and extending old coral proxy records from the crucial central and eastern tropical Pacific region. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and # Crown Copyright 2009.

/pdf/reconstructing-enso-the-influence-of-method-proxy-data-34qswpc9uk.pdf

Reconstructing ENSO: the influence of method, proxy data, climate forcing and teleconnections

The continuing increase of wind energy penetration into power systems, in combination with the retirement of conventional generation, raises new challenges for the maintenance of power system stability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of wind power plant capabilities to provide frequency support and the corresponding methods available in the published literature are thoroughly analysed and compared. The topic is covered from different perspectives giving a comprehensive overview on the work carried out in this field. In addition, the integration of energy storage technologies and dispatching of wind farms during frequency deviations are thoroughly discussed. Finally, technical challenges, future research lines and general recommendations are provided.

/pdf/a-review-on-frequency-support-provision-by-wind-power-plants-3dehubqo23.pdf

A review on frequency support provision by wind power plants: Current and future challenges

The worldwide effort for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly ships has led to the development of new concepts. Extensive electrification is a very promising technology for this purpose. Together with optimal power management can lead to a substantial improvement in ship efficiency ensuring, at the same time, compliance with the environmental constraints and enhancing ship sustainability. In this paper, a method for optimal demand-side management and power generation scheduling is proposed. Demand-side management is based on the adjustment of the power consumed by ship electric propulsion motors, and no energy storage facility is exploited. Dynamic programming algorithm subjected to ship operation and environmental and travel constraints is used to solve the problem for all-electric ships (AESs). Simulation results prove that the proposed method ensures cost minimization of ship power system operation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions limitation, and compliance with all technical and operational constraints.

Optimal Demand-Side Management and Power Generation Scheduling in an All-Electric Ship

Smart frequency control in low inertia energy systems based on frequency response techniques: A review

The power systems in Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and Germany have some of the highest wind penetrations in the world, as shown in the paper. In this article, the situations of five countries with high wind penetration are briefly presented, with special emphasis given to their future needs with respect to accommodating targeted wind power amounts. The final section provides an overview of offshore grid developments and plans in Europe.

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