Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young people--a comprehensive literature review.

For both genders, cancer of the mouth and pharynx ranks sixth overall in the world; it is also the third most common site among males in developing countries. In industrialized countries, men are affected two to three times as often as women, largely due to higher use of alcohol and tobacco. Ethnicity strongly influences prevalence due to social and cultural practices, as well as socioeconomic differences. In population terms, survival rates around the world show little improvement. In terms of etiology, the effects of tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and poor diet together explain over 90 percent of cases of head and neck cancer. All forms of tobacco represent risk factors for oral cancer, but on present evidence, snuff habits as they exist in Scandinavia and probably in the United States carry lower risks of serious health hazards, including oral cancer. Alcohol synergizes with tobacco as a risk factor for all upper aerodigestive tract SCC: this is super-multiplicative for the mouth, additive for the larynx, and between additive and multiplicative for the esophagus. The increase in oral cancer in the Western world has been related to rising alcohol use.

/pdf/tobacco-use-and-oral-cancer-a-global-perspective-2jk6arklrc.pdf

Tobacco Use and Oral Cancer: A Global Perspective

Oral cancer incidence rates rose dramatically during the twentieth century in the United States and Europe, especially among individuals under the age of 60 years. Although influenced by age, sex, and country of origin, incidence trends were most strongly affected by elevated risk among individuals born after approximately 1915. This cohort effect was indicative of strong behavioral influences on oral cancer risk. In this article, associations between oral cancer risk and established behavioral risk factors including alcohol and tobacco use are reviewed. Additionally, possible associations between oral cancer risk and oral hygiene, diet, nutritional status, and sexual behavior as well as the influence of genetic factors on oral cancer risk are considered. Special emphasis is placed on evaluating possible risk differences in individuals above and below the age of 45 and in users and nonusers of alcohol and tobacco.

Current topics in the epidemiology of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers.

Oral squamous carcinogenesis is a multistep process in which multiple genetic events occur that alter the normal functions of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. This can result in increased production of growth factors or numbers of cell surface receptors, enhanced intracellular messenger signalling, and/or increased production of transcription factors. In combination with the loss of tumour suppressor activity, this leads to a cell phenotype capable of increased cell proliferation, with loss of cell cohesion, and the ability to infiltrate local tissue and spread to distant sites. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular control of these various pathways will allow more accurate diagnosis and assessment of prognosis, and might lead the way for more novel approaches to treatment and prevention.

https://mp.bmj.com/content/molpath/53/4/165.full.pdf

Molecular pathogenesis of oral squamous carcinoma

Objective To determine the association between social, economic and behavioural risk factors and national prevalences of: oral cancer, dental caries (12-year-olds) and destructive periodontal disease (35–44-year-olds). Data sources Sources for the social and economic parameters were the UN Development Program; the behavioural risk factors' source was the World Health Organization, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Atlas of History. Oral diseases data came from UICC Globocan and the World Health Organization databases. Data extraction Data were extracted by hand from official publications. Data synthesis Data were synthesized and analyzed in sequence using SPSS, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses. Conclusions There is a discernable association between the three oral diseases and the variables selected, which varies in strength, being strongest for chronic destructive periodontitis and weakest for oral cancer. Dental caries lies in between. The degree to which variables account for differences in the three oral diseases between the countries studied is striking, being insignificant for oral cancer incidence, modest for oral cancer mortality, stronger for dental caries and strongest for destructive periodontal disease. Removing variables with strong co-linearity with the Human Development Index has little effect on the regression coefficients.

/pdf/oral-diseases-and-socio-economic-status-ses-ckr7bld5pe.pdf

Oral diseases and socio-economic status (SES).

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth commonest human malignancy with an estimate of nearly 900 000 new cases occurring worldwide in 1995 (Parkin et al, 1993). In this review, head and neck cancer is defined as squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the upper aerodigestive tract, superior to the clavicles, excluding skin cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The incidence of head and neck cancer is increasing in developing countries (Macfarlane et al, 1994). In England and Wales, the overall incidence is stable at 5000 cases/year (14/105 of the male and 5.5/105 of the female population), but within the head and neck sites, tumours of the larynx and oral cavity are increasing. Optimal management of SCCHN is by a multidisciplinary approach combining surgery, radiotherapy and more recently chemotherapy. The presenting tumour site and nodal status have independent implications for both treatment and prognosis. Despite therapeutic changes the overall survival rate from SCCHN remains poor (Vokes et al, 1993). A component contributing to the poor overall survival, particularly in patients initially presenting with early tumours of the larynx, oral cavity and oropharynx, is the 10–30% chance of developing a second malignancy or multiple primary tumour (MPT) of the aerodigestive tract or elsewhere within 5 years (Day, 1992; Jovanic et al, 1994). There are various criteria for multiple primary tumour development. A classification described by Hong provides strict criteria to exclude recurrence of SCCHN (Hong et al, 1990). This includes:

/pdf/the-role-of-genetic-factors-in-predisposition-to-squamous-3ae1kdy5b9.pdf

The role of genetic factors in predisposition to squamous cell cancer of the head and neck

Association between polymorphisms of the GPX1 gene and second primary tumours after index squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.

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The role of genetic factors in predisposition to squamous cell cancer of the head and neck

Association between polymorphisms of the GPX1 gene and second primary tumours after index squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.