A health-based assessment of particulate air pollution in urban areas of Beijing in 2000-2004.

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Managing economic growth: marketing, management and innovations

Assessment of health benefits related to air quality improvement strategies in urban areas: An Impact Pathway Approach.

We extend the individual dynamic model of lifetime resource allocation to assess the monetary value given to the increase in survival probabilities for every member of a household induced by improved air quality. We interpret this monetary value as VPF (value of a prevented fatality), which can also be expressed as a flow of discounted VOLY (value of life years) lost, and account for potential altruism towards other household members. We use a French air pollution contingent valuation survey that provides a description of the life-length reduction implied by a change in air pollution exposure. By privatising the public commodity air pollution, we succeed in ruling out any form of altruism (towards others living today and towards future generations) except altruism towards one's family. We estimate a mean VOLY of €2001140,000, a 30% premium for VOLY in perfect health w.r.t. average expected health status, and a mean VPF of €20011.45 million for the respondent, all context-specific. In addition, we find an ...

Monetary values for risk of death from air pollution exposure: a context-dependent scenario with a control for intra-familial altruism

A set of exposure–response coefficients between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and different health endpoints were determined through the meta-analysis method based on 2254 studies collected from the Web of Science database. With data including remotely-sensed PM2.5 concentration, demographic data, health data, and survey data, a Poisson regression model was used to assess the health losses and their economic value caused by PM2.5 pollution in cities of atmospheric pollution transmission channel in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China. The results showed the following: (1) Significant exposure–response relationships existed between PM2.5 pollution and a set of health endpoints, including all-cause death, death from circulatory disease, death from respiratory disease, death from lung cancer, hospitalization for circulatory disease, hospitalization for respiratory disease, and outpatient emergency treatment. Each increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentration led to an increase of 5.69% (95% CI (confidence interval): 4.12%, 7.85%), 6.88% (95% CI: 4.94%, 9.58%), 4.71% (95% CI: 2.93%, 7.57%), 9.53% (95% CI: 6.84%, 13.28%), 5.33% (95% CI: 3.90%, 7.27%), 5.50% (95% CI: 4.09%, 7.38%), and 6.35% (95% CI: 4.71%, 8.56%) for above-mentioned health endpoints, respectively. (2) PM2.5 pollution posed a serious threat to residents’ health. In 2016, the number of deaths, hospitalizations, and outpatient emergency visits induced by PM2.5 pollution in cities of atmospheric pollution transmission channel in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region reached 309,643, 1,867,240, and 47,655,405, respectively, accounting for 28.36%, 27.02% and 30.13% of the total number of deaths, hospitalizations, and outpatient emergency visits, respectively. (3) The economic value of health losses due to PM2.5 pollution in the study area was approximately $28.1 billion, accounting for 1.52% of the gross domestic product. The economic value of health losses was higher in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Handan, Baoding, and Cangzhou, but lower in Taiyuan, Yangquan, Changzhi, Jincheng, and Hebi.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/1012/pdf

Value Assessment of Health Losses Caused by PM2.5 Pollution in Cities of Atmospheric Pollution Transmission Channel in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China

The quantification of environmental related health effects and their valuation in monetary units play a key role for a sustainability orientated planning of policy measures. The present paper demonstrates the calculation of air pollution related health costs using the tri-national study of Austria, France and Switzerland on health costs due to transport related air pollution, that was conducted on behalf of the Third WHO Ministerial Conference (London, 1999). The epidemiological information on exposure-response functions (effect estimates) and health outcome frequencies (mortality and morbidity; prevalence, incidence, or person-days) combined with the air pollution exposure of the population, provides the number of attributable cases to total air pollution and to traffic related air pollution. For the assessment of health costs, two different methods are available. The main method consists of the willingness-to-pay approach, that assesses the willingness to pay for a reduction in risk, that is, for the prevention of a (statistical) fatality or illness. This approach includes the material costs as well as intangible cost elements, i.e. for pain, suffering and the loss of life quality. A partial method is the human-capital approach that estimates the medical costs and the loss of income, production or consumption arising due to premature mortality or morbidity and which only covers the material cost elements. Across the three countries (74 million inhabitants) the health costs due to traffic related air pollution for the year 1996 amount to some 27 billion e. This amount translates to approximately 1.7% of GDP and an average of 360 e per capita per year. In all three countries, premature mortality is predominant, accounting for about 70% of the costs.

Economic Costs of Air Pollution Related Health Impacts - an Impact Assessment Project of Austria, France and Switzerland

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Economic Costs of Air Pollution Related Health Impacts - an Impact Assessment Project of Austria, France and Switzerland