Starting from 1960s, a great number of missions and experiments have been performed for the study of the high-energy sky. This review gives a wide vision of the most important space missions and balloon experiments that have operated in the 10–600 keV band, a crucial window for the study of the most energetic and violent phenomena in the Universe. Thus it is important to take the stock of the achievements to better establish what we have still to do with future missions in order to progress in this field, to establish which are the technologies required to solve the still open issues and to extend our knowledge of the Universe.

Hard X-Ray/Soft Gamma-Ray Experiments and Missions: Overview and Prospects

The energy resolution of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors is usually limited by the poor transport properties of holes. Devices segmented into small pixels have been observed to exhibit improved energy resolutions. Simulations have shown that this small pixel effect is due to the fact that small pixels are mostly sensitive to carriers moving close to the pixel, within a distance of the order of the pixel size. In this paper, signals are calculated for CdZnTe strip detectors in order to determine to what extent a similar small electrode effect is produced by strips. The free carrier density distributions following the absorption of a /spl gamma/-ray are calculated by solving the continuity equations. Combined with the strip weighting field, this provides the signal induced in the strip. Simulations are made for various detector geometries and for both the anode and cathode strips. Simulated signals are compared with actual signals measured on CdZnTe detectors.

Signal generation in CdZnTe strip detectors

We report performance measurements of a sub-millimeter resolution CdZnTe strip detector developed as a prototype for astronomical instruments operating with good efficiency in the 30-300 keV photon energy range. The prototype is a 1.4 mm thick, 64/spl times/64 contact stripe CdZnTe array of 0.375 mm pitch in both dimensions. Pulse height spectra were recorded in orthogonal-stripe coincidence mode which demonstrate room-temperature energy resolution 5:1. Good response is also demonstrated at higher energies using a coplanar grid readout configuration. Spatial resolution capabilities finer than the stripe pitch are demonstrated. We present the image of a /sup 133/Ba source viewed through a collimator slit produced by a 4/spl times/4 stripe detector segment. Charge signals from electron and hole collecting contacts are also discussed.

/pdf/development-of-an-orthogonal-stripe-cdznte-gamma-radiation-5bkmehlq0j.pdf

Development of an orthogonal-stripe CdZnTe gamma radiation imaging spectrometer

We report performance measurements of a sub-millimeter resolution CdZnTe strip detector developed as a prototype for astronomical instruments. The prototype is a 1.4 mm thick, 64 × 64 stripe CdZnTe array with 0.375 mm pitch in both dimensions. Pulse height spectra in orthogonal stripe coincidence mode were recorded at several energies. The room-temperature energy resolutions is 5:1. We also demonstrate spatial resolution capabilities finer than the stripe pitch.

/pdf/large-area-sub-millimeter-resolution-cdznte-strip-detector-1tolg1umhb.pdf

Large-area sub-millimeter resolution CdZnTe strip detector for astronomy

The authors report progress in ongoing measurements of the performance of a sub-millimeter pitch CdZnTe strip detector developed as a prototype for astronomical instruments. Strip detectors can be used to provide two-dimensional position resolution with fewer electronic channels than pixellated arrays. Arrays of this type are under development for the position-sensitive image plane detector for a coded-aperture telescope operating in the hard x-ray range of 20--200 keV. The prototype is a 1.5 mm thick, 64 x 64 orthogonal stripe CdZnTe detector of 0.375 mm pitch in both dimensions, approximately one square inch of sensitive area. In addition to energy and spatial resolution capabilities, as reported last year, the authors demonstrate the imaging capabilities and discuss uniformity of response across an 8 x 8 stripe, 64 pixel, segment of detector. A technique for determination of the depth of photon interaction is discussed and initial results related to depth determination are presented. Issues related to the design and development of readout electronics, the packaging and production of strip detectors and the production of compact strip detector modules, including detector and readout electronics, are also discussed.

Progress in the development of large area sub-millimeter resolution CdZnTe strip detectors

A New Balloon-Borne Detector for High Angular Resolution Hard X-Ray Astronomy

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A New Balloon-Borne Detector for High Angular Resolution Hard X-Ray Astronomy