Petroleum refining involves refining crude petroleum as well as producing raw materials for the petrochemical industry. This book covers current refinery processes and process-types that are likely to come on-stream during the next three to five decades. The book includes (1) comparisons of conventional feedstocks with heavy oil, tar sand bitumen, and bio-feedstocks; (2) properties and refinability of the various feedstocks; (3) thermal processes versus hydroprocesses; and (4) the influence of refining on the environment.

Handbook of Petroleum Refining

New approaches to hydroprocessing

Modeling of Processes and Reactors for Upgrading of Heavy ... Processes and Reactor Modeling for Step‐Growth Polymerization. 2.1. Types of Reactors and Reactor Modeling. 2.2. Specific Processes. 3. Processes and Reactor Modeling for Chain‐Growth Polymerization. 3.1. Material Balance Equations for Batch, Semi‐Batch, and Continuous Reactors. 3.1.1. Rates of Reaction and Copolymer Composition. 3.1.2.

Modeling of Processes and Reactors for Upgrading of Heavy Petroleum

The causes of coke formation during petroleum refining are only now beginning to be understood. They are closely related to the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of the petroleum Constituents and to changes in the character of the liquid medium. It was formerly believed that coke formation was, a polymerization reaction whereupon the chemical precursors to coke immediately formed macromolecules when subject to the processing temperatures. This is not so. And it is the initial stages of the thermal decomposition which determine the ultimate path of the reaction. Coke formation is a complex process involving both chemical reactions and thermodynamic behavior. Reactions that contribute to this process are cracking of side chains from aromatic groups, dehydrogenation of naphthenes to form aromatics, condensation of aliphatic structures to form aromatics, condensation of aromatics to form higher fused-ring aromatics, and dimerization or oligomerization reactions. Loss of side chains always accompanies thermal cracking, and dehydrogenation and condensation reactions are favored by hydrogen deficient conditions.

The chemistry and physics of coking

Petroleum is a complex but delicately balanced system that depends upon the relationship of the constituent fractions to each other and the relationships are dictated by molecular interactions. Thus, some aspects of recovery and refining chemistry, especially the chemistry of the deposition of asphaltenic material (degradation or reaction products of the asphaltene constituents and the resin constituents), can be proposed by virtue of the studies that have led further knowledge of the nature of asphaltene constituents and the resin constituents and particularly the nature of their interaction in crude oil.

/pdf/petroleum-asphaltenes-part-2-the-effect-of-asphaltene-and-4gnlvup4b6.pdf

Petroleum Asphaltenes - Part 2: the Effect of Asphaltene and Resin Constituents on Recovery and Refining Processes

Six residua from different crude oils were evaluated for composition and carbon residue forming tendencies. The whole residua were evaluated for elemental composition, trace metals content, carbon residue, and specific gravity. Each residuum was deasphaltened in heptane, and the heptane-soluble materials were separated into saturate, aromatic, and polar fractions on activated silica gel. The asphaltenes were evaluated for elemental composition, trace metals content, molecular weight, and carbon residue. The relationship between carbon residues and features of the asphaltenes was studied, and a correlation of contributing features was developed. The asphaltenes were further separated into four fractions according to apparent molecular size by preparative size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The preparative size exclusion chromatographic fractions from the asphaltenes were evaluated for sulfur content, molecular weight, and trace metals content. Material balances showed that the data obtained on the fractions account for the data obtained on the original material. This indicates that the contributions of the properties of the fractions can be studied and related to properties of the whole material.

/pdf/an-evaluation-of-the-delayed-coking-product-yield-of-heavy-2xwsn7nnka.pdf

An Evaluation of the Delayed-Coking Product Yield of Heavy Feedstocks Using Asphaltene Content and Carbon Residue

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An Evaluation of the Delayed-Coking Product Yield of Heavy Feedstocks Using Asphaltene Content and Carbon Residue