CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a promising technology wherein CO2 is captured and stored in solid form for further utilization instead of being released into the atmosphere in high concentrations. Under this framework, a new process called accelerated carbonation has been widely researched and developed. In this process, alkaline materials are reacted with high-purity CO2 in the presence of moisture to accelerate the reaction to a timescale of a few minutes or hours. The feedstock for accelerated carbonation includes natural silicate-minerals (e.g., wollastonite, serpentine, and olivine) and industrial residues (e.g., steelmaking slag, municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash, and air pollution control (APC) residues). This research article focuses on carbonation technologies that use industrial alkaline wastes, such as steelmaking slags and metalworking wastewater. The carbonation of alkaline solid waste has been shown to be an effective way to capture CO2 and to eliminate the contents of Ca(OH)2 in solid residues, thus improving the durability of concrete blended with the carbonated residues. However, the operating conditions must be further studied for both the economic viability of the technology and the optimal conditions for CO2 reaction.

/pdf/co2-capture-by-accelerated-carbonation-of-alkaline-wastes-a-pnyj29fy78.pdf

CO2 Capture by Accelerated Carbonation of Alkaline Wastes: A Review on Its Principles and Applications

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and utilization (CCU) aims at reducing both greenhouse-gas emissions and fossil-resource depletion. Assessment of these aims requires quantitative environmental evaluation. So far, evaluation of CCU is based on ad hoc criteria such as the amount of CO2 utilized, simplified CO2 balances or CO2 storage duration. Albeit these criteria may be useful for very early stages of potential research pathways, we show that they are insufficient as basis for decisions on implementations and that they may lead to even qualitatively wrong environmental evaluation of CCU. Therefore, a holistic evaluation using life-cycle assessment (LCA) is mandatory. However, the application of LCA to CCU is subject to methodological pitfalls: (i) utilized CO2 might intuitively be considered as negative GHG emissions; (ii) since CCU usually generates products both in the capture and in the utilization process, choices exist how to allocate emissions to the individual products and (iii) CO2 storage duration is not reflected in traditional LCA. To avoid the existing pitfalls, we provide a systematic framework for LCA of CCU in which (i) the utilized CO2 is correctly considered as regular feedstock with its own production emissions; (ii) recommendations for obtaining product-specific LCA results for CCU processes are given and (iii) the CO2 storage duration is incorporated into a time-resolved global warming metric. The developed framework is illustrated by simplified LCA of CO2 capture from the atmosphere and from coal power plants, and of CO2 utilization for methanol and polymer production. Overall, the presented framework allows for the sound environmental evaluation of CCU.

Life-cycle assessment of carbon dioxide capture and utilization: avoiding the pitfalls

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Gauging energy poverty: A multidimensional approach

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1304310.pdf

Environmental evaluation of CCS using Life Cycle Assessment–A synthesis report

Parallel computing 89

Mathematical software libraries (IMSL, NAG) supply subprograms for the solution of a broad class of frequently occurring numerical problems. Therefore, the library routines are normally used as building blocks in more complex computer codes. Users taking advantage of this approach can simplify code development and introduce expertise to their codes. The acceptance of mathematical software libraries is strongly related to the quality of their components. Results on the performance and accuracy of library subroutines for matrix multiplication, the solution of linear equations and eigenvalue problems on a CRAY X-MP are reported.

Linear algebra software on a vector computer

IKARUS - A fundamental concept for national GHG-mitigation strategies

The memory organization of vector supercomputers is designed to support a high rate of data transfer between registers and main memory. Nevertheless, there are applications for which this link turns out to be a bottleneck. It can be removed using an interface to appropriate library software or programming techniques which take architectural features into account. This report deals with the impact of memory access conflicts on the execution time of matrix calculations. For this study, two variants of matrix multiplication are considered as model problems contrasting memory access with stride one and access with stride n. The CPU time consumption of the two variants is analyzed by means of simulation. It is shown, that the results are also valid for the solution of linear equations, eigenvalue problems, and shortest-path problems if the algorithms are implemented analogously. The analysis is carried out for computers with an interleaved memory (CRAY X-MP, CRAY Y-MP, FUJITSU VP) and a hierarchical memory (IBM 3090). The results are also related to library software in order to point out the benefits a user may gain from the usage of highly optimized software. Moreover, it is demonstrated that multiple processors working in parallel on a shared memory may even increase the number of memory access conflicts.

The impact of memory organization on the performance of matrix calculations

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