Summary


1. Tests of the effectiveness of rhizobia isolated from several common Acacia species showed significant variation among host populations in plant growth but no indication that plant performance depended on which Acacia species the rhizobial isolate was derived from. Variation in effectiveness was primarily between rhizobial isolates within a host species rather than across rhizobial isolates from different hosts. No interactions were found between host population, host origin of rhizobial strain and rhizobial isolate.



2. A study using a range of less common Acacia species showed significant variation in performance of several species (A. silvestris, A. nano-dealbata, A. trachyphloia, A. filicifolia, A. leucoclada) as a function of the inoculating rhizobial strain; two other species (A. cangaiensis, A. glaucocarpa) were marginally non-significant. For A. filicifolia and A. silvestris, growth was significantly better when plants were inoculated with their own isolates vs. those from other host species.



3. Comparisons of the performance of a third set of Acacia species found that several common species (A. melanoxylon, A. mearnsii, A. irrorata, A. binervata) varied little in their response to particular rhizobial isolates; for these species, most host–rhizobial combinations resulted in similar growth responses. Several less common species showed significant variation in performance across the rhizobial isolates tested.



4. Preliminary investigations of host specificity among legume genera showed significant variation with respect to host performance as a function of the rhizobial isolate with which plants were inoculated. Some species (e.g. A. mearnsii and Indigofera australis) were variable in their responses, while others (e.g. Hardenbergia violacea and A. melanoxylon) performed well with most isolates.



5. A comparison of the effectiveness of several Acacia-derived strains on their own hosts vs. their effectiveness on the other legume genera in the study showed that, in general, the Acacia strains performed well on other genera. However, on some host species (e.g. I. australis) the Acacia strains were less effective than the Indigofera strains, suggesting some host specificity.



6. While there was a general correlation at the among-species level in Acacia–rhizobia interactions (i.e. isolates that performed well on one host species often performed well on others), growth performance with any particular host–rhizobial combination was more difficult to predict than within-species comparisons. Our data also suggest that, at least for the genus Acacia, rare species are likely to exhibit a greater degree of host specificity than hosts that are widely distributed, and re-establishment may require special attention with respect to rhizobial strains that are used.



7. Overall, these results have clear implications for applied projects focused on the restoration of degraded habitats or abandoned farmland. Simply replanting native species into such areas may be unsuccessful unless appropriate rhizobial strains are also reintroduced. Our results suggest that when no strains for a particular host species are available, strains from its closest relative will have the highest probability of success.

Variation in the effectiveness of symbiotic associations between native rhizobia and temperate Australian legumes: interactions within and between genera

Elizabeth Drew, David Herridge, Ross Ballard, Graham O’Hara, Rosalind Deaker, Matthew Denton, Ron Yates, Greg Gemell, Elizabeth Hartley, Lori Phillips, Nikki Seymour, John Howieson and Neil Ballard

Inoculating legumes: a practical guide

The pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a serious pest of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Foliar feeding by adults and root nodule consumption by larvae reduces seed yield and N contributions to the soil. Foliar insecticides have limited efficacy against pea leaf weevil, prompting this study to investigate an integrated approach. Nitrogen fertilizer, Rhizobium inoculant, and thiamethoxam (systemic insecticide) were assessed alone and in combination for their effects on pea leaf weevil damage to field pea plants and seed yield. Nitrogen fertilizer did not reduce foliar feeding but did reduce root nodules by 35 to 43%. In 2008 only, N fertilizer improved yield by 0.48 t ha -1 relative to nonfertilized plots. Thiamethoxam seed treatment reduced foliar feeding for 40 to 50 d after planting in 2008 and 2009 but had no significant impact on seed yield. Rhizobium inoculation increased yield by 0.74 t ha -1 compared to noninoculated plots in 2008. No effects of N fertilizer, Rhizobium inoculant or thiamethoxam on yield were observed in 2009, probably because root nodule damage was not affected by any treatment. Results of this study suggest that the most efficient method of preventing yield loss due to S. lineatus infestation is to inoculate field peas. Further investigation of thiamethoxam, preferably in large-scale production systems, is required to better understand the efficacy of thiamethoxam against pea leaf weevil.

Integrated Management of Sitona lineatus with Nitrogen Fertilizer, Rhizobium , and Thiamethoxam Insecticide

Appraisal of the establishment and persistence of inoculant strains, and the diversity of the rhizobial populations in 2 field experiments, required the precise characterisation of isolates from individual nodules. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of generating randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) from simple bacterial cell lysates was applied to nodule isolates obtained from field plots of clover (Trifolium spp.) and medic (Medicago spp.) plants inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolium and Rhizobium meliloti. Comparison of the PCR method with gel immune diffusion serology was applied to selected nodule isolates obtained from the clover trial. Agreement between the methods was high (97·6%). Further characterisation of nodule isolates from the 2 field trials proceeded using PCR amplification profiles only, which allowed a large number of isolates to be quickly and precisely identified. Mean recovery of inoculant strains in the first season of the clover trial was 76·5% across 10 hosts, and 45·3% in the second season sampling. Recovery of inoculant strains in the medic trial was assessed only during the second season of growth, which recorded a mean recovery of 53% across 8 hosts. In addition to providing a rapid and reliable means of identifying inoculant strains of R. leguminosarum bv. Trifolium and R. meliloti directly in association with a range of different host plants, the PCR approach also allowed inoculant strain types to be readily identified when recovered as isolates from plots in which they had not been introduced. Analysis of the non-inoculant strains by PCR also indicated that the naturalised populations of rhizobia at both sites were highly diverse.

PCR as an ecological tool to determine the establishment and persistence of Rhizobium strains introduced into the field as seed inoculant Diane

Compatible rhizobia strains are essential for nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV). We evaluated how past HV cultivation affected nodulation and BNF across host genotypes. Five groups of similar HV genotypes were inoculated with soil dilutions from six paired fields, three with 10-year HV cultivation history (HV+) and three with no history (HV−), and used to determine efficiency of rhizobia nodulation and BNF. Nodulation was equated to nodule number and mass, BNF to plant N and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae (Rlv) soil cell counts using qPCR to generate an amplicon of targeted Rlv nodD genes. Both HV cultivation history and genotype affected BNF parameters. Plants inoculated with HV+ soil dilutions averaged 60 and 70 % greater nodule number and mass, respectively. Such plants also had greater biomass and tissue N than those inoculated with HV− soil. Plant biomass and tissue N were strongly correlated to nodule mass (r
 2 = 0.80 and 0.50, respectively), while correlations to nodule number were low (r
 2 = 0.50 and 0.31, respectively). Although hairy vetch rhizobia occur naturally in soils, past cultivation of HV was shown in this study to enhance nodulation gene-carrying Rlv population size and/or efficiency of rhizobia capable of nodulation and N fixation.

/pdf/cropping-history-affects-nodulation-and-symbiotic-efficiency-49vqwu24oi.pdf

Cropping history affects nodulation and symbiotic efficiency of distinct hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) genotypes with resident soil rhizobia

Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia: the influence of soil populations and inocula of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by field peas

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Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia: the influence of soil populations and inocula of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by field peas