DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure. The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Taking an Exposure History—The importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided. Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental Hazards; Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures; Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity; and numerous chemical-specific case studies. viii Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents is a three-volume set of recommendations for on-scene (prehospital) and hospital medical management of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident. Volumes I and II are planning guides to assist first responders and hospital emergency department personnel in planning for incidents that involve hazardous materials. Volume III— Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures—is a guide for health care professionals treating patients exposed to hazardous materials. Fact Sheets (ToxFAQs) provide answers to frequently asked questions about toxic substances. Other Agencies and Organizations The National Center for Environmental …

/pdf/toxicological-profile-for-fluorides-hydrogen-fluoride-and-rydm3hr31p.pdf

Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine

Our understanding of the chemical events that take place at the tooth-plaque interface has improved greatly through studies of the chemical composition and properties of dental plaque fluid. In the absence of fermentable carbohydrate, plaque fluid has been found to be supersaturated with respect to tooth mineral and other calcium phosphate phases, thus exhibiting the potential to support calculus formation and the remineralization of incipient carious lesions. Following the exposure to fermentable carbohydrate, the degree of saturation of plaque fluid decreases rapidly, primarily due to lactic acid production and the lowering of plaque fluid pH. The extent of these chemical changes has been shown to be associated with differences in caries history. Such studies have been facilitated by the recent development of microanalytical techniques. Unfortunately, little is known about the relationship between the observed chemical changes in plaque fluid and the microbial composition of plaque. Limited information is also available on the association of immune factors in plaque fluid with dental disease.

Composition and Cariogenic Potential of Dental Plaque Fluid

Previous studies demonstrated that a Ca pre-treatment greatly increases salivary F from a subsequent NaF rinse. This study examines if these increases are found in plaque and plaque fluid F. Thirteen individuals accumulated plaque before rinsing with: (1) 12 mmol/L NaF (228 μg/g F), (2) 150 mmol/L Ca rinse, or (3) the Ca rinse followed by the F rinse. One hr later, plaque samples were collected, the plaque fluid was recovered, and the plaque residues were extracted 5 times with pH 6.8 or pH 4.8 buffers, and then by acid. The F in each extract after the Ca rinse/F rinse greatly exceeded the corresponding F from the NaF rinse. Consequently, the Ca rinse/F rinse increased the total plaque F and the plaque fluid F by 12x and 5x, compared with the NaF rinse alone. These and the previous salivary results suggest that a Ca pre-treatment may increase the cariostatic effects of topical F agents.

/pdf/ca-pre-rinse-greatly-increases-plaque-and-plaque-fluid-f-18vyizi4rw.pdf

Ca Pre-rinse Greatly Increases Plaque and Plaque Fluid F

Recent studies showed that salivary, plaque-fluid, and whole-plaque fluoride were significantly higher 120 min after subjects rinsed with a novel two-solution rinse than after they rinsed with a NaF rinse of the same fluoride concentration. In this study, the persistence of these increases was investigated overnight, a period of time that is more clinically relevant. Improved analytical techniques for the ultramicro determination of whole-plaque and plaque-fluid fluoride from the same sample are also described. Thirteen subjects abstained from toothbrushing for 48 hrs and rinsed for 1 min with a 12 mmol/L (228 ppm) NaF or the two-solution rinse before bedtime. Samples were then collected the following morning before breakfast: (1) Saliva samples were either clarified by centrifugation or acid-extracted with 1 mol/L HClO4; and (2) single-site molar plaque samples were centrifuged to obtain plaque fluid and/or extracted with 1 mol/L HC1O4. Results showed that, compared with NaF, the two-solution rinse produ...

Increased Overnight Fluoride Concentrations in Saliva, Plaque, and Plaque Fluid after a Novel Two-solution Rinse

Sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are the two most common sources of fluoride used in currently marketed fluoride dentifrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate t

/pdf/fluoride-in-plaque-fluid-plaque-and-saliva-measured-for-2-7mygdb5ryn.pdf

Fluoride in plaque fluid, plaque, and saliva measured for 2 hours after a sodium fluoride monofluorophosphate rinse.

A variety of techniques is described for measuring fluoride in volumes of from 0.005 to 5 microL, including: (1) micropipette procedures for transference and dilution of samples, (2) construction of miniature and micro fluoride-selective electrodes, and (3) methods for adapting standard electrodes for micro- and semi-micro volumes. These described techniques have a number of advantages, including speed of analysis, high accuracy, and adaptability to many types of fluid samples. Recent studies involving use of these procedures include the analysis of fluoride in: (1) plaque fluid samples from single sites before and after topical fluoride administration, (2) tooth mineral samples recovered by acid-etch or microdrill biopsy of enamel, and (3) fluid recovered from the interior of the tooth during simulation of the caries process.

Fluoride Analysis in Nanoliter- and Microliter-size Fluid Samples:

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Fluoride Analysis in Nanoliter- and Microliter-size Fluid Samples: