SUMMARY The root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidon annosum is one of the most destructive diseases of conifers in the northern temperate regions of the world, particularly in Europe Economic losses attributable to Heterobasidion infection in Europe are estimated at 800 million euros annually The fungus has been classified into three separate European intersterile species P ( H annosum ), S ( H parviporum ) and F ( H abietinum ) based on their main host preferences: pine, spruce and fir, respectively In North America, two intersterile groups are present, P and S/F, but these have not been given scientific names The ecology of the disease spread has been intensively studied but the genetics, biochemistry and molecular aspects of pathogen virulence have been relatively little examined Recent advances in transcript profiling, molecular characterization of pathogenicity factors and establishment of DNA-transformation systems have paved the way for future advances in our understanding of this pathosystem Taxonomy: Heterobasidion annosum (Fr) Bref, H parviporum Niemela & Korhonen and H abietinum Niemela & Korhonen; kingdom Fungi; class Basidiomycotina; order Aphyllophorales; family Bondarzewiaceae; genus Heterobasidion  Identification: presence of the fungus fruit bodies, basidiocarps whitish in the margins, upper surface is tan to dark brown, usually irregular shaped, 35 ( − 7) cm thick and up to 40 cm in diameter; pores 5‐19, 7‐22 and 13‐26 mm 2 for the P, F and S groups, respectively Small brownish non-sporulating postules develop on the outside of infected roots Asexual spores (conidiospores) are 38‐66 × 28‐50 µ m in size Mating tests are necessary for identification of intersterility groups Host range: The fungus attacks many coniferous tree species In Europe, particularly trees of the genera Pinus and Juniperus (P), Picea (S), Abies (F) and in North America Pinus (P) and Picea , Tsuga and Abies (S/F) To a lesser extent it causes root rot on some decidous trees ( Betula and Quercus ) Disease symptoms: symptoms (eg exhudation of resin, crown deterioration) due to Heterobasidion root rot in living trees are not particularly characteristic and in most cases cannot be distinguished from those caused by other root pathogens Heterobasidion annosum sl is a white rot fungus Initial growth in wood causes a stain that varies in colour depending on host tree species Incipient decay is normally pale yellow and it develops into a light brown decay to become a white pocket rot with black flecks in its advanced stage Control: silvicultural methods (eg stump removal), chemicals (urea, borates) and biological control agent ( Phlebiopsis gigantea , marketed as PG Suspension® in the UK, PG IBL® in Poland and Rotstop® in Fennoscandia) are commonly used approaches for minimizing the disease spread

https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/1365/2/Adomasfin1.pdf

Conifer root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l.

Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato is a species complex comprising five species that are widely distributed in coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere and are each characterized by a distinct host preference. More than 1,700 papers have been published on these fungi in the past four decades, making them perhaps the most widely studied forest fungi. Heterobasidion species are at different levels on the saprotroph- necrotroph gradient, and the same individual can switch from one mode to the other. This offers a unique opportunity to study how genomic structure, gene expression, and genetic trade-offs may all interact with environmental factors to determine the life mode of the organism. The abilities of Heterobasidion spp. to infect stumps as saprotrophs and to spread to neighboring trees as pathogens have resulted in significant damages to timber production in managed forests. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the biology, ecology, evolution, and man- agement of these species and is based on classical and modern studies.

/pdf/biology-epidemiology-and-control-of-heterobasidion-species-1cfv08skvk.pdf

Biology, Epidemiology, and Control of Heterobasidion Species Worldwide

ion between fibre lignin and laccase in qualitative difference in temporal phases than laccase does alone. Resulting distinguished lignin modifications may have consequences for subsequent fibre behaviour (Barsberg 2002). Lund & Felby (2001) applied a range of mediators in laccase-modification of spruce and pine fibres and found ABTS and PPT (phenothiazine-10-propionic acid) to be effective in enhancing wet tensile strength of paper handsheets made from the pulp. Similar results were obtained with ABTS by Elegir et al. (2005, 2007). Treatment of fibres with laccase and gallic acid were also reported to change wet tensile strength (Chandra et al. 2004b), indicating that laccase-mediator system can influence properties of the fibre surfaces. Various mediators are therefore currently tested in MDF production with laccase in order to achieve higher reactivity between laccase and lignin and better board properties (Müller et al. 2006). The unfortunately limited availability of cheap and non-toxic mediators is of course a restricting factor in such approaches (Rochefort et al. 2004, Morozova et al. 2007). So far, in laccase-mediated bleaching of lignocellulosic fibres 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and the lignin-derived phenols acetosyringone and syringaldehyde acid have been positively tested as mediators whereas negligible effects were seen with p-coumaric acid (Ibarra et al. 2006, Camamero et al. 2007, Gutiérrez et al. 2007). Oppositional ABTS-mediated depolymerisation and polymerisation effects on kraft lignin samples (González Arzola et al. 2006, Hernández Fernaud et al. 2006) imply that the doses and times of mediators and enzymes applied have to be expected to play an important role in activating of fibre material. In line with this, dosages of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were most influential in laccase-mediated modification of paper pulp (Chandra et al. 2004a). Further to applications of mediators to improve mechanical properties by laccase action, recent studies suggest that a successive xylanase and laccase treatment with or without mediators might also be useful in efficiently modifying fibre surfaces at least in paper production. As the gallic acid mediator treatment, successive xylanase-laccase treatment has been reported to increase the wet tensile strength of paper (Chandra & Raugaskas 2005, Kapoor et al. 2007). 2-component adhesives based on lignin and enzymes In the wood composite industry, addition of lignosulphonates (spent sulphite liquor) or kraft lignins from sulphate pulping, to conventional PF resins is targeted at replacing parts of the phenol component made from petrochemicals (e.g. see Roffael & Rauch 1971, Shen 1974, Nimz 1983, Ayla & Nimz 1984, Danielson & Simonson 1998a,b, Tejado et al. 2007; further reading in Chapter 16 of this book). Formaldehyde from the PF resin may act in such mixtures as a cross-linker between the reactive sites of the technical lignins and the synthetic phenol binder (Kuo et al. 1991, Vázquez et al. 1999, El Mansouri & Salvadó 2006, 2007). As first

/pdf/wood-production-wood-technology-and-biotechnological-impacts-5gpvoylcbz.pdf

Wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts

The global sustainability agenda is increasing the demand for reduction in inputs into agricultural production while maintaining profitable yield of quality products. Plant diseases are a major constraint for both yield and product quality, but often tools for their control are ineffective or lacking. Biological control using antagonistic microorganisms has long been a subject of research resulting in a wide range of products that are now available and marketed in specific territories around the world. These preparations are often niche products with narrow uses. The research effort is intense both to develop new biological control agents (BCAs) and to obtain knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biological disease control. The prospects for biological control are promising. As a minimum, BCAs supplement other sustainable disease management practices such as disease resistance, and present opportunities for controlling diseases for which other approaches are ineffective or unavailable. We can realistically expect increasing use of BCAs to control crop diseases in ways that will benefit the environment. This review paper arose from a webinar held by the British Society for Plant Pathology as part of the International Year of Plant Heath (IYPH2020), at which many of the 300 participants posed or discussed interesting questions. This review is based on that input and the panel members at the webinar are all included as co-authors in this review. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/ppa.13555

Biological control of plant diseases – what has been achieved and what is the direction?

The current nature of forest management in Poland reflects its history and more than 100 years of economic activity affecting forests since independence in 1918. Before that time, different forest management models were used, related to the nature of the Prussian economy in the north of the country, the Russian economy in the central-eastern part, and the Austrian economy in south-eastern Poland. The consequence of these management models, as well as the differing climate zones in which they were used, resulted in varied forest health. Since the end of World War II, forest coverage within Poland‘s new borders has increased from 20.8% to currently 29.6%, mainly as a result of afforestation of wastelands and former agricultural lands. This paper describes changes in the health of forests and their biological diversity in Poland in the context of weather extremes, species composition, forest management, the forest industry, and damage from insects and pathogenic fungi over the last 30 years.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/1/75/pdf

Abiotic and Biotic Disturbances Affecting Forest Health in Poland over the Past 30 Years: Impacts of Climate and Forest Management

The fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea has been used in Europe as a biological agent for the control of conifer root and butt (caused by Heterobasidion annosum ) for nearly 40 years. P. gigantea competes with H. annosum for the woody resource within conifer stumps, and is applied to stump surfaces at felling. Three distinct biological control products based on P. gigantea have been developed: PG Suspension in the UK, PG IBL in Poland and Rotstop in Finland. The formulations are of oidia, which are maintained in a sucrose suspension, sawdust, or a wettable powder, respectively. PG Suspension and PG IBL are applied to pine stumps, while Rotstop is equally as effective on pine as on Norway spruce stumps. For each product, isolates of P. gigantea are selected from the wild and are screened for their competitive ability against H. annosum before formulation. Viability and purity checks are undertaken throughout the production cycle and during routine use. The increasing use of mechanized harvesting machines to fell a...

Comparison of Three Products Based on Phlebiopsis gigantea for the Control of Heterobasidion annosum in Europe

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Comparison of Three Products Based on Phlebiopsis gigantea for the Control of Heterobasidion annosum in Europe