When drilling exploration and production wells for oil and gas, drillers use specialized drilling fluids, referred to as muds, to help maintain well control and to remove drill cuttings from the hole. Historically, either water-based muds (WBMs) or oil-based muds (OBMs) have been used for offshore wells. Recently, in response to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations and drilling-waste discharge requirements imposed by North Sea nations, the drilling industry has developed several types of synthetic-based muds (SBMs) that combine the desirable operating qualities of OBMs with the lower toxicity and environmental impact qualities of WBMs. This report describes the operational, environmental, and economic features of all three types of muds and discusses potential EPA regulatory barriers to wider use of SBMs.

/pdf/potential-environmental-benefits-from-regulatory-1ouz26hjsz.pdf

Potential environmental benefits from regulatory consideration of synthetic drilling muds

This paper reports that a full-scale differential-pressure simulator was used to evaluate spotting fluids in the laboratory. Tests at elevated temperature and pressure identified a variety of unweighted and weighted, oil and nonoil fluids that are able to free differentially stuck pipe. Some low-toxicity, water-based spotting fluids are effective and acceptable substitutes for the traditional oil-based systems.

Evaluation of Spotting Fluids in a Full-Scale Differential Pressure Sticking Apparatus

The purpose of this study was to identify the most effective methods to free stuck pipe and to quantify the success rates of these methods under various wellbore conditions on the basis of historical data. This information has been integrated into a decision-making flow chart based on risk economic to determine when to begin and terminate operations to free stuck pipe.

Operational decision making for stuck-pipe incidents in the Gulf of Mexico: A risk economics approach

A New Fishing Equation

Novel Method and Apparatus for Sticking Fluid Performance Evaluation

Offshore Operators Committee Gulf of Mexico Spotting Fluid Survey

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Offshore Operators Committee Gulf of Mexico Spotting Fluid Survey