Public interest in food quality and methods of production has increased significantly in recent decades, due in part to changes in eating habits, consumer behavior, and the increased industrialization and globalization of food supply chains.1 Demand for high levels of quality and safety in food production obviously requires high standards in quality assurance and process control; satisfying this demand in turn requires appropriate analytical tools for food analysis both during and after production. Desirable features of such tools include speed, ease-of-use, minimal or no sample preparation, and the avoidance of sample destruction. These features are characteristic of a range of spectroscopic methods including the mid-infrared (MIR). While it is true that near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has achieved greater uptake by the food industry,2 reported applications of MIR in this sector have increased over the past decade or more. Foods represent significant analytical challenges. They are highly complex, variable and can be found in a number of different physical states: these include solids, dilute solutions, emulsions, foams, highly visco-elastic forms, and glassy

Mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics: a tool for the analysis of intact food systems and the exploration of their molecular structure-quality relationships - a review

A FTIR microspectroscopy study of autolysis in cells of the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aims: To investigate the potentials and limitations of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy as a tool to identify, at the level of microcolonies, pathogenic bacteria frequently isolated in the clinical environment. Methods and Results: A total of 1570 FT-IR spectra from 164 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients were recorded from 6 to 10-h old microcolonies of 50‐150 lm size. A classification of 100% was obtained for the most frequent gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium at the species level. An average accuracy of about 80% was reached with Gram negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae families; Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella spp., and Citrobacter koseri; and Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. Results were comparable with FT-IR measurements on dried suspensions from 18-h cultures. Conclusions: Early identification of young microcolonies is feasible with FT-IR microscopy with a very high accuracy for gram-positive bacteria. Some improvement in the transfer of microcolonies is necessary to increase the accuracy for gram-negative bacteria. Significance and Impact of the Study: Combination of FT-IR microscopy and multivariate data analysis could be a complementary, rapid, and reliable tool for screening and discriminating, at species and subspecies level, micro-organisms of clinical, food-borne, or environmental origins.

Ft-ir microspectroscopy for early identification of some clinically relevant pathogens

The present work was focused on elucidating changes in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cell composition, ultrastructure) after exposure to antimicrobial plasma-mediated nanocomposite films. In order to achieve this, a nanosilver-containing coating was deposited onto stainless steel using radiofrequency HMDSO plasma deposition, combined with simultaneous silver sputtering. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in an organo-silicon matrix. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the nanoparticle-based morphology of the deposited layer. The antifungal properties towards S. cerevisiae were established, since a 1.4 log reduction in viable counts was observed after a 24-h adhesion compared to control conditions with the matrix alone. Differences in cell composition after exposure to the nanosilver was assessed for the protein region using, for the first time, synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of single S. cerevisiae cells, through in situ mapping with sub-cellular spatial resolution. IR spectrum of yeast cells recovered after a 24-h adhesion to the nanosilver-containing coating revealed a significant downshift (20 cm −1) of the amide I peak at 1655 cm −1 , compared to freshly harvested cells. This lower band position, corresponding to a loss in α-helix structures, is indicative of the disordered secondary structures of proteins, due to the transition between active and inactive conformations under nanosilver-induced stress conditions. No significant effect on the nucleic acid region was detected. The inhibitory action of silver was targeted against both cell wall and intracellular proteins such as enzymes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the yeast
ultrastructure confirmed serious morphological and structural damages. A homogeneous protein-binding distribution of nanosilver all over the cell was assumed, since the presence of electron-dense silver clusters was detected not only on the cell surface but also within the cell. For control experiments with the organosilicon matrix alone, no antimicrobial effect was observed, which was consistent with synchrotron FTIR results and TEM observations.

Synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae after exposure to plasma-deposited nanosilver-containing coating

Discrimination and classification of Enterococci by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy

Differentiation of Candida species resides on biochemical reactions and morphological features. However, phenotypic variations within some species such as Candida albicans has led to confusion in taxonomical and clinical classification of Candida species. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation and statistical methods, have enabled Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to emerge as a rapid, accurate and inexpensive method to characterize microorganisms [1–3]. The aim of present study is to characterize 5 reference strains of Candida species (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. knisei, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis) using attenuated total-reflectance (ATR)- FTIR spectroscopy, i.e., without any preparation of the yeast colonies. These results could in turn be used to construct a data base for comparison of clinical strains.

Characterisation of Candida reference strains by ATR- FTIR

FTIR characterization of Candida species: a study on some reference strains and pathogenic C. albicans isolates from HIV+ patients

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Characterisation of Candida reference strains by ATR- FTIR

FTIR characterization of Candida species: a study on some reference strains and pathogenic C. albicans isolates from HIV+ patients