This paper is a compilation of the results obtained from various Doppler sodar comparison experiments conducted over the last 20 years. These studies have attempted to quantify the uncertainties in sodar-derived values of the horizontal wind speed, wind direction, standard deviation of the vertical wind speed sw, and standard deviation of the horizontal wind direction sq. Doppler sodar configurations examined in these studies included bistatic, monostatic, and phased array. In most cases, reference measurements used for comparison were made by tower-based in situ sensors. Many investigators have used simple linear regressions and other statistical measures such as the correlation coefficient, bias (mean difference), comparability (root-mean-square difference), and precision (standard deviation) in an attempt to quantify those errors. The sodar-derived wind speed and wind direction are highly correlated against reference measurements (≈0.92) with a precision of 1.06 m s-1 and 21.5°, respectively, ...

A Look Back on Two Decades of Doppler Sodar Comparison Studies

In this paper, measurements of the first 150 m of the atmospheric boundary layer obtained by a high-frequency acoustic mini-sounder are compared with measurements obtained by a full complement of instruments including sonic anemometers mounted on the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory tower. The acoustic mini-sounder, starting as low as 6 m from the ground, measures in the monostatic mode the profiles of the vertical wind speed, w, and of the temperature structure parameter, CT2 with enhanced height resolution of the order of 1 m and time resolution of the order of 30 s. The results of the comparison show that the high-frequency mini-sounder is an effective atmospheric boundary-layer profiler that is also portable and relatively inexpensive.

Quantitative low-level acoustic sounding and comparison with direct measurements

Acoustic sounder derived profiles of the atmospheric velocity and temperature structure parameters, Cv2 and CT2, are presented. the former is obtained using a novel bistatic acoustic sounder comprising a fan beam transmitter and a vertically directed receiver. Simultaneous profiles of the temperature structure parameter are obtained using a conventional monostatic sounder.



Time histories of these quantities at two heights in the boundary layer are given and are compared with in-situ measurements. the results indicate significant anisotropy in the temperature field at scales greater than a few metres and emphasize the care required when comparing directly measured and acoustically estimated turbulence quantities. the significance of anisotropy in the assessment of excess attenuation is also discussed.

Measurement of boundary layer structure parameter profiles by acoustic sounding and comparison with direct measurements

From the Contents: Atmospheric Acoustics and Instrumentation- Physical Grounds for Acoustic Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Technological Development of Atmospheric Echosounders Sodar Systems- Radio Acoustic Sounding Systems Applications in the Atmosphere- Turbulent Structure Parameters Sodar Detection and its Application Ocean Acoustics- Acoustic Remote Sensing of Ocean Flows Atmosphere Interactions Range-Average Inversions in Ocean Acoustic Tomography Currents and Effluent Plume Dilutions Acoustic Propagational Characteristics and Tomography Studies

/pdf/acoustic-remote-sensing-applications-3342196ysf.pdf

Acoustic Remote Sensing Applications

The CRPE minisodar: Applications in micrometeorology and in physics of precipitations

Acoustic echo sounder (echosonde) and meteorological tower measurements of the turbulent velocity structure parameters D(r) and Cv2 and the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy ϵ are compared. The two acoustic Doppler methods attempted, utilizing pulse differencing and Taylor hypothesis approaches, show good agreement. The small discrepancy in these parameters between the tower and echosonde is explained by the wind noise and ambient noise characteristics of the echosonde and by the effects of pulse volume averaging. Time-averaged, acoustically derived Cv2 values are compared with acoustic facsimile records in both stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The temporal and (implicitly) the spatial variations of Cv2 were observed to be large, and correlated well with echosonde-detected waves, turbulent layers and thermal plumes. The hour-average vertical ϵ profiles for the two stability cases show reasonable comparison with those calculated by other investigators.

Acoustic Doppler Measurement of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Velocity Structure Functions and Energy Dissipation Rates

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Acoustic Doppler Measurement of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Velocity Structure Functions and Energy Dissipation Rates