BACKGROUND
The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).


METHODS
The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2024 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2023 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. The AHA strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional global data, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains.


RESULTS
Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.


CONCLUSIONS
The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.

Adipokines are currently widely studied cellular signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and involved in various processes, including inflammation; energy and appetite modulation; lipid and glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity; endothelial cell functioning; angiogenesis; the regulation of blood pressure; and hemostasis. The current review attempted to highlight the key functions of adipokines in the inflammatory mechanisms of obesity, its complications, and its associated diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of obesity was conducted online using the PubMed and Scopus databases until October 2022.

/pdf/the-role-of-adipokines-in-inflammatory-mechanisms-of-obesity-1vgzm44i.pdf

The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13311-023-01373-5.pdf

Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke

Leptin is a hormone secreted primarily by adipose tissue. It regulates an organism’s metabolism, energy balance, and body weight through a negative feedback mechanism. When a person or animal has low body fat and little energy, the leptin level in the body decreases, and conversely, when there is an excess of nutrients, the leptin level increases, giving a feeling of satiety. However, when leptin levels are abnormal (too high or too low) for a number of reasons, it can negatively affect your health, inducing inflammatory responses, obesity, and other problems. Many studies have shown that abnormal leptin levels, such as hyperleptinemia, are closely associated with common risk factors for atherosclerosis (AS). This review systematically states the relationship between leptin and common risk factors for AS (inflammation, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and sleep disorders) and provides some new thoughts on the future direction of research on both. Because the abnormal level of leptin will have adverse effects on multiple atherosclerotic risk factors, how to regulate the leptin level of patients with AS, and whether we can treat and prevent AS by intervening the leptin level, these may be our new research directions in the future.

Leptin and risk factors for atherosclerosis: A review

Perinatal stroke is related to possible differences in predisposing factors and outcomes between acutely and retrospectively diagnosed cases. In most cases, there are different risk factors and infections that could play an important role. Thus far, different clinical manifestations have been reported in children presenting with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ranging from asymptomatic status to severe disease sustained by an immune-mediated inflammatory response. SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with severe neurological diseases including seizures and encephalitis in both adults and children. However, there are still few reports regarding the possible relation between SARS-CoV-2 infection of mothers during pregnancy and the neurologic outcome of the newborns. We described the case of a newborn diagnosed with a perinatal stroke, born at 35 weeks of gestation from a mother presenting with SARS- CoV-2 infection during the last months of pregnancy. We also added a brief review of the literature with similar cases. Close monitoring and early intervention in young children born to infected mothers would be highly recommended for the potential neurodevelopmental risk.

/pdf/perinatal-cerebral-ischemic-lesion-and-sars-cov-2-infection-2x7sdsd6.pdf

Perinatal Cerebral Ischemic Lesion and SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Objective To assess the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of perinatal stroke in Beijing. Methods This multicenter prospective study included all the live births from 17 representative maternal delivery hospitals in Beijing from March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020. Neonates with a stroke were assigned to the study group. Clinical data, including general information, clinical manifestations, and risk factors, were collected. Up until 18 months after birth, neonates were routinely assessed according to the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and/or the Bayley scale. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-squared, t-tests, and logistic regression analysis using SPSS version 26.0. Outcomes In total, 27 cases were identified and the incidence of perinatal stroke in Beijing was 1/2,660 live births, including 1/5,985 for ischemic stroke and 1/4,788 for hemorrhagic stroke. Seventeen cases (62.96%) of acute symptomatic stroke and convulsions within 72 h (10 cases, 37.04%) were the most common presentations. Ten patients showed no neurological symptoms and were found to have had a stroke through routine cranial ultrasonography after being hospitalized for non-neurological diseases. The risk factors include primiparity, placental or uterine abruption/acute chorioamnionitis, intrauterine distress, asphyxia, and severe infection. In the study group, 11.1% (3/27) of patients had adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The patients in the study group had lower scores for the ASQ than those in the control group in the communication, gross, and fine motor dimensions. Conclusion The incidence of perinatal stroke in Beijing was consistent with that in other countries. Routine neuroimaging of infants with risk factors may enable identification of asymptomatic strokes in more patients. Patients who have suffered from a stroke may have neurological sequelae; therefore, early detection, treatment, and regular follow-ups are beneficial for improving their recovery outcomes.

/pdf/the-incidence-and-characteristics-of-perinatal-stroke-in-285cai4t.pdf

The Incidence and Characteristics of Perinatal Stroke in Beijing: A Multicenter Study

PURPOSE
To investigate serum leptin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the relationship between leptin levels and T2DM complications and prevalence.


METHODS
A total of 355 patients, 282 cases with T2DM and 73 normal controls, were recruited at 1st Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing, China) between November 2013 and July 2014. Levels of serum leptin, biochemical markers and sexual hormones were measured, and clinical characteristics were retrieved through the electronic medical record system.


RESULTS
Leptin levels in females were higher than that in males. Leptin levels in T2MD patients were positively correlated with body mass index, percent body fat, triglyceride, cystatin C homocysteine and salivary acid, and negatively correlated with glycosylated serum protein and glycosylated albumin levels. Leptin levels in males were positively correlated with systolic pressure and estradiol, and negatively correlated with testosterone and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Sex (female) was positively correlated with the duration of disease. Leptin levels in T2DM patients with complications such as hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and coronary heart disease were higher than that in patients without such complications. Leptin levels in females with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macroangiopathy were higher than that in patients without such complications, but there was no difference in males.


CONCLUSIONS
Leptin has significant gender differences. Leptin levels are related to body mass index, percent body fat and sex hormone level in T2DM patients and may affect short-term blood glucose control in T2DM patients. Leptin levels are related to complications in patients with T2DM and affect the prevalence rates of complications.

/pdf/effect-of-leptin-levels-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-and-rojge1rf.pdf

Effect of Leptin Levels of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications.

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The Incidence and Characteristics of Perinatal Stroke in Beijing: A Multicenter Study

Effect of Leptin Levels of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications.