This review is focused on describing state-of-the-art synthetic routes for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles useful for biomedical applications. In addition to this topic, we have also described in some detail some of the possible applications of magnetic nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine with special emphasis on showing the benefits of using nanoparticles. Finally, we have addressed some relevant findings on the importance of having well-defined synthetic routes to produce materials not only with similar physical features but also with similar crystallochemical characteristics.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/202/pdf

The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine

Understanding the correlation between magnetic properties and nanostructure involves collaborative efforts between chemists, physicists, and materials scientists to study both fundamental properties and potential applications. This article introduces a classification of nanostructure morphology according to the mechanism responsible for the magnetic properties. The fundamental magnetic properties of interest and the theoretical frameworks developed to model these properties are summarized. Common chemical and physical techniques for the fabrication of magnetic nanostructures are surveyed, followed by some examples of recent investigations of magnetic systems with structure on the nanometer scale. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some promising experimental techniques in synthesis and measurements.

Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials

Iron, the most ubiquitous of the transition metals and the fourth most plentiful element in the Earth's crust, is the structural backbone of our modern infrastructure. It is therefore ironic that as a nanoparticle, iron has been somewhat neglected in favor of its own oxides, as well as other metals such as cobalt, nickel, gold, and platinum. This is unfortunate, but understandable. Iron's reactivity is important in macroscopic applications (particularly rusting), but is a dominant concern at the nanoscale. Finely divided iron has long been known to be pyrophoric, which is a major reason that iron nanoparticles have not been more fully studied to date. This extreme reactivity has traditionally made iron nanoparticles difficult to study and inconvenient for practical applications. Iron however has a great deal to offer at the nanoscale, including very potent magnetic and catalytic properties. Recent work has begun to take advantage of iron's potential, and work in this field appears to be blossoming.

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Iron Nanoparticles

"Reprinted from the Physical review, vol. 70, nos. 11 and 12, 965-971, Dec. 1 and 15, 1946."

Theory of the structure of ferromagnetic domains in films and small particles

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

According to Weiss's well-known theory, a ferromagnetic body in the absence of an external magnetic field must be spontaneously magnetised in such a way that the direction of magnetisation varies in an irregular manner in different portions of the body. It was originally assumed by Weiss that these portions coincide with the minute crystals of which the body is built up. That this is not so is clear from the fact that spontaneous magnetisation (as revealed by the existence of a Curie temperature) is present also in single crystals. We are thus forced to assume that a moderate-sized single crystal of a ferromagnetic body consists of a number of ‘elementary magnets’ the resultant magnetic moment of which vanishes. This spontaneous subdivision of a ferromagnetic body into elementary magnets can be interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively in the following manner.

Spontaneous and Induced Magnetisation in Ferromagnetic Bodies

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Spontaneous and Induced Magnetisation in Ferromagnetic Bodies